
- •English for law students content:
- •Word Study
- •Verb noun (agent) noun (concept)
- •The Long History of the Solicitor
- •Text Study
- •Судебные Инны
- •Text b Judges
- •Dialogue 1. Lawyers who want to start their own practice
- •Dialogue 2. Legal Education
- •Investigate – investigation – investigator; notary – notarized – notarial.
- •Revision Translation
- •Стирание граней между барристерами и солиситорами
- •Grammar section Grammar to be revised: English Tenses (Active Voice)
- •Word Study
- •Verb noun (agent) noun (concept)
- •The Foundation of British Law: Habeas Corpus Act Let the Body Be Brought...
- •Text Study
- •Драконт
- •Text b Sources of Law
- •Text c Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Law
- •Text d Retrospective of British Legislation
- •Text e Early Systems of Law
- •Dialogue 1. Never Leave till Tomorrow …
- •Dialogue 2. At Oxford Law School
- •Revision Translation
- •Grammar section Grammar to be revised: The Passive Voice
- •Word Study
- •Verb noun(agent) noun(concept)
- •Text Study
- •Introduced by
- •Британская Конституция
- •Text b Monarchy in Britain
- •Text c Political Parties
- •Text d Elections in Great Britain
- •Text e Prime Minister
- •Dialogue 1. At the Exam
- •Dialogue 2. The Significance of the Bill of Rights
- •Revision Translation
- •Grammar section Grammar to be revised: the Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech.
- •Commands, requests, advice
- •Word Study
- •Checks and Balances
- •Text Study
- •The Presidents of the United States
- •Конституция Соединенных Штатов Америки
- •Раздел 8. Конгресс имеет право:
- •Text b System of Government
- •Text c The Legislature
- •Text d Political Parties
- •Text e American President
- •Dialogue 1. After the Seminar
- •Dialogue 2. Similarities and Differences
- •Revision Translation
- •Grammar section Grammar to be revised: Modal Verbs
- •Word Study
- •Text Study
- •Assault
- •Shop-lifting
- •Rioting in Bracknel Continuous
- •Text b What is Criminology?
- •Преступность: врожденное и приобретенное
- •Text c Partakers in a Crime
- •Text d Juvenile Delinquency
- •Text e Kidnap Suspect for Trial
- •Dialogue 1. Stop Rewarding the Criminal
- •Dialogue 2. Crime Rates in Europe
- •Word Study
- •Text Study
- •Text b Police in the usa
- •Text c Scotland Yard
- •Text d Municipal Police
- •Text e. Private Policing in the usa
- •Dialogue 1. An Interview
- •Dialogue 2. Federal Bureau of Investigation
- •Word Study
- •Coroner’s Courts
- •Text Study
- •Text b The British Judicial System
- •The legal system in England and Wales
- •Text c The Role of the Independent Judiciary
- •Судебная система Шотландии
- •Text d The European Court of Human Rights
- •Text e The International Court of Justice
- •Dialogue 1. Consulting a Lawyer
- •Dialogue 2. In Court
- •Revision Translation
- •Word Study
- •Text Study
- •Text b Criminal Procedure
- •Уголовный процесс
- •Text c Trial by Jury
- •Text d The Plea-bargaining Process
- •Text e Evidence
- •Dialogue 1. In the Courtroom
- •Dialogue 2. Gathering Evidence
- •Revision Translation
- •Word Study
- •Text Study
- •Text b Capital Punishment
- •Text c Penal Institutions
- •Text d Women in Prison
- •Text e Correctional Institutions in the usa
- •Dialogue 1. Possible Punishment
- •Dialogue 2. Prisoner’s Life
- •Revision Translation
Судебная система Шотландии
Судебная система Шотландии существенно отличается от английской и сохраняет значительную самостоятельность. По уголовным делам в качестве высшей и окончательной инстанции выступает расположенный в Эдинбурге Высокий суд юстициариев (the High Court of Justiciary). Он состоит из возглавляющего его лорда – генерального судьи Шотландии (Lord Justice General), лорда – судьи-клерка (Lord Justice Clerk) и лордов-членов Высокого суда юстициариев. Судья этого суда вместе с 15 присяжными слушает по первой инстанции дела о наиболее серьезных преступлениях, преследуемых по обвинительному акту (такие процессы проводятся в Эдинбурге, Глазго и других городах Шотландии). В качестве апелляционной инстанции Высокий суд юстициариев в составе трех или более его членов рассматривает жалобы на приговоры любых шотландских судов.
Постановления Высокого суда юстициариев играют весьма важную роль в развитии шотландского уголовного права и процесса.
Высшая судебная инстанция по гражданским делам – Сессионный суд (Court of Session), заседающий в Эдинбурге. Сессионный суд имеет внешнюю палату и внутреннюю палату. В суде внешней палаты судьи рассматривают дела по первой инстанции либо единолично, либо с участием 12 присяжных. В суде внутренней палаты, состоящей из наиболее опытных и квалифицированных судей, рассматриваются жалобы на решения суда внешней палаты. Постановления Сессионного суда в отличие от постановлений Высокого суда юстициариев могут быть обжалованы в британскую Палату лордов.
Text d The European Court of Human Rights
Task: read the text and give your understanding of the underlined parts of the sentences.
In 1950 several European states, which were united in the Council of Europe and met in Rome, decided to form a treaty whereby they could guarantee their citizens and foreigners who resided under their judicial authority certain rights and freedoms. Later other rights were added, while at the same time an increasing number of European states joined the European Treaty with a view to the protection of human rights and basic freedoms. Some of these rights have to do with protection of life and prevention of torture, and others have to do with family life as well as freedom of religion, of expression, of opinion, and of assembly and association. Victims of violations of these human rights can lodge a complaint against the state with the Secretary-General of the Council of Europe.
Since the inception of the court, more than 20,000 complaints have been lodged. How does the court determine which cases to hear? First, an effort is made toward reconciliation. If that fails and the complaint is recognized as valid, it is taken before the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. Only about 5 percent of the complaints ever reach the court. Up till the end of 1995, the court had passed 554 verdicts. Although the verdict of the court in the case of a complaint by an individual is binding for the state concerned, the situation where a complaint is lodged by a state or states is not a simple matter. In such a case, the likelihood is that the state against whom judgement has been passed will choose a course of political expediency rather than comply with the demands of the treaty. While the International Court of Justice at the Hague handles only disputes between states, the European Court pronounces verdicts also in cases of differences between citizens and states.
This court stands open to hear not only complaints of individuals within Europe but also complaints of countries against other countries when it is felt that fundamental human rights have not been respected. The increase in the number of court cases before international courts reflects the longing of citizens and some governments for justice.