
- •English for law students content:
- •Word Study
- •Verb noun (agent) noun (concept)
- •The Long History of the Solicitor
- •Text Study
- •Судебные Инны
- •Text b Judges
- •Dialogue 1. Lawyers who want to start their own practice
- •Dialogue 2. Legal Education
- •Investigate – investigation – investigator; notary – notarized – notarial.
- •Revision Translation
- •Стирание граней между барристерами и солиситорами
- •Grammar section Grammar to be revised: English Tenses (Active Voice)
- •Word Study
- •Verb noun (agent) noun (concept)
- •The Foundation of British Law: Habeas Corpus Act Let the Body Be Brought...
- •Text Study
- •Драконт
- •Text b Sources of Law
- •Text c Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Law
- •Text d Retrospective of British Legislation
- •Text e Early Systems of Law
- •Dialogue 1. Never Leave till Tomorrow …
- •Dialogue 2. At Oxford Law School
- •Revision Translation
- •Grammar section Grammar to be revised: The Passive Voice
- •Word Study
- •Verb noun(agent) noun(concept)
- •Text Study
- •Introduced by
- •Британская Конституция
- •Text b Monarchy in Britain
- •Text c Political Parties
- •Text d Elections in Great Britain
- •Text e Prime Minister
- •Dialogue 1. At the Exam
- •Dialogue 2. The Significance of the Bill of Rights
- •Revision Translation
- •Grammar section Grammar to be revised: the Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech.
- •Commands, requests, advice
- •Word Study
- •Checks and Balances
- •Text Study
- •The Presidents of the United States
- •Конституция Соединенных Штатов Америки
- •Раздел 8. Конгресс имеет право:
- •Text b System of Government
- •Text c The Legislature
- •Text d Political Parties
- •Text e American President
- •Dialogue 1. After the Seminar
- •Dialogue 2. Similarities and Differences
- •Revision Translation
- •Grammar section Grammar to be revised: Modal Verbs
- •Word Study
- •Text Study
- •Assault
- •Shop-lifting
- •Rioting in Bracknel Continuous
- •Text b What is Criminology?
- •Преступность: врожденное и приобретенное
- •Text c Partakers in a Crime
- •Text d Juvenile Delinquency
- •Text e Kidnap Suspect for Trial
- •Dialogue 1. Stop Rewarding the Criminal
- •Dialogue 2. Crime Rates in Europe
- •Word Study
- •Text Study
- •Text b Police in the usa
- •Text c Scotland Yard
- •Text d Municipal Police
- •Text e. Private Policing in the usa
- •Dialogue 1. An Interview
- •Dialogue 2. Federal Bureau of Investigation
- •Word Study
- •Coroner’s Courts
- •Text Study
- •Text b The British Judicial System
- •The legal system in England and Wales
- •Text c The Role of the Independent Judiciary
- •Судебная система Шотландии
- •Text d The European Court of Human Rights
- •Text e The International Court of Justice
- •Dialogue 1. Consulting a Lawyer
- •Dialogue 2. In Court
- •Revision Translation
- •Word Study
- •Text Study
- •Text b Criminal Procedure
- •Уголовный процесс
- •Text c Trial by Jury
- •Text d The Plea-bargaining Process
- •Text e Evidence
- •Dialogue 1. In the Courtroom
- •Dialogue 2. Gathering Evidence
- •Revision Translation
- •Word Study
- •Text Study
- •Text b Capital Punishment
- •Text c Penal Institutions
- •Text d Women in Prison
- •Text e Correctional Institutions in the usa
- •Dialogue 1. Possible Punishment
- •Dialogue 2. Prisoner’s Life
- •Revision Translation
Преступность: врожденное и приобретенное
Более ста лет назад итальянский врач Чезаре Ломброзо создал галерею «преступных типов».
Он, например, утверждал, что покатый лоб, квадратный подбородок, грубые черты лица, длинные руки и мускулистое телосложение говорят о врожденных (innate) преступных наклонностях (propensities).
Понадобилось много лет, пока теория прирожденного (inborn) преступника потеряла свое влияние. Тем не менее, и в наши дни продолжаются споры о наследовании преступных качеств и о биологических предпосылках (prerequisite) преступного поведения.
Послевоенный экономический рост породил (to cause) у западных лидеров опасное заблуждение (delusion), что с любыми общественными проблемами можно справиться, проводя социальную политику и увеличивая бюджетные отчисления (deduction). Тогда казалось, что давая человеку больше благ, можно изменить его природу. Времена изменились, и стало ясно, что ни либеральные реформы, ни коммунистический диктат не привели к обществу процветания (prosperity).
Исследование, проведенное в Дании показало, что дети преступников, даже если их воспитывать в домах законопослушных (law-abiding) граждан, в большей степени склонны к конфликтам с законом, чем их собственные. Более того, есть все основания считать, что, если один из разлученных близнецов (parted twins) имеет судимость за уголовное преступление, второй рано или поздно тоже станет преступником.
Некоторые исследователи считают, что первопричина многих видов правонарушения, в первую очередь таких тяжких, как убийства, разбойные нападения, изнасилования и поджоги – не социальная, а биологическая.
Text c Partakers in a Crime
Task: read the text, focus on its main points.
The common law created a sophisticated system for determining the liability of all persons involved in the commission of a crime. When, where, and how the various parties could be prosecuted, and the use of evidence at trial, depended on the type of participation.
The person who commits the crime is the perpetrator, the principal (though two or more persons may be perpetrators, for example, "group rape" or conspiracy). The person who plays a secondary role, assists the principal, is the accomplice, the accessory.
Principals may be either in the first or in the second degree1, while accessories may be either before or after the fact2.
A principal in the first degree is the person who actually did the criminal act or was guilty of criminal omission, either with his own hand or through an innocent agent, e.g. a child.
A principal in the second degree is the person who, without actually taking part, is present at the commission of a crime. An accessory before the fact is one who, without being present at its commission, advises or procures it to be done, and does not countermand it before it is done.
An accessory after the fact is one who assists or permits the escape of the criminal.
Thus, accomplices may be charged with procuring an offence, abetting, aiding or counselling. Sometimes aiding and abetting are regarded as meaning much the same thing.
The system has not solved all problems, because the line between committing a crime and aiding in its commission is a fine one. Though principals and accomplices are usually considered equally culpable, in practice judges often impose lighter sentences on accomplices.
Notes:
principals in the first or in the second degree – исполнители первой и второй степени (лица, фактически совершающие преступление или оказывающие пособничество в совершении преступления)
accessories before or after the fact – соучастники до или после совершения преступления (подстрекатели или укрыватели)
E
x.
1. Fill
in the following chart and comment on it.
Ex. 2. Here are the answers to some questions to the text. What are the questions?
The person who commits the crime is the perpetrator. (special)
Principals may be either in the first or in the second degree. (alternative)
A person did the criminal act with his own hand. (special)
An accessory after the fact assists or permits the escape of the criminal. (alternative)
Sometimes aiding and abetting are regarded as meaning much the same thing. (disjunctive)