Infinitive

14. Complete the rule with a to-infinitive, object + a to-infinitive, an -ing form.

The verbs enjoy, (don’t) mind, (can’t) stand, imagine, suggest, practice and avoid are followed by ___________ (-ing form). The verbs hope, promise, learn, expect, decide, afford, offer, choose and want are followed by ___________ (to-infinitive). The verbs allow, encourage, invite, remind, teach, and warned (not) are followed by ___________ (object + to-infinitive).

Some verbs are followed by a to-infinitive and don’t usually take an object. Here are some of them: aim, arrange, attempt, intend, manage, offer, plan, refuse, seem, try, tend.

Example: An aircraft company managed to use 55% of composite materials in his production.

Some verbs are followed by a to-infinitive usually take an object. Here are some of them: allow, encourage, force, invite, order, remind, teach, urge, warned (not).

Example: Our University invites students to take part in tomorrow’s conference.

There are few verbs followed by a to-infinitive sometimes take an object. They are expect, help, pay, prefer, want, would like.

Example: Nowadays teenagers prefer to purchase the latest technology. Today, teenagers want their parents to buy the latest mobile phones.

15. Complete the sentences with the correct verb, change their forms.

reconsider; be (x2); repeat; be repaired; be investigated (x2); be changed; be separated; be achieved

1. These techniques allow the new data ________ thoroughly.

2. We couldn’t get him ______ the experiment.

3. New techniques allowed the properties of this substance ______.

4. These techniques enable subtle control of the current ________.

5. This causes the components _______.

6. These techniques permit hose phenomena _________ thoroughly.

7. They made him ________ his conclusion.

8. He ordered these devices _______ as soon as possible.

SPEAKING

16. Discuss in small groups the use of advanced materials in the following spheres.

1. Aircraft engineering

2. Machine industry

3. Building structure

17. Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of above mentioned advanced materials. What innovations might be discovered in 20 years’ time in materials in your opinion?

18. Work with a partner. Write an outline of the following presentation about advanced materials. Then give a short presentation on the basis of this outline. Take turns.

“Good afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen,

The topic of my short presentation today will be an introduction to advanced materials.

First, I am going to discuss two material types that belong to this category. Second, I will mention current applications of advanced materials.

Advanced materials can be of all material types, e.g. metals, ceramics and polymers. To obtain advanced materials, properties of traditional materials have been improved, that is significantly changed in a controlled manner. Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials as well as smart materials and nano-engineered materials.

Two important classes of advanced materials I want to introduce here are smart materials and nano-engineered materials. Smart materials respond to external stimuli, such as stress, temperature, electric or magnetic fields. By way of example, consider shape memory alloys or shape memory polymers, which are thermo responsive materials, where deformation can be induced and recovered through temperature changes, as can be seen in this figure.

As I have already mentioned, advanced materials also include nano-engineered materials which have unique properties. These properties arise from structural features which are of nanoscale dimensions, i.e. 1 to 100 nanometers. A prominent example are carbon nano-tube filled polymers which can be employed as electrically conducting materials or high performance materials. Please refer to the next diagram showing room temperature electrical conductivity ranges of these polymers.

WRITING