10. Sothern and general american
Southern American English (SAE) - is a group of dialects of the English language spoken throughout the Southern region of the United States. The Southern dialects make up the largest accent group in the United States. Southern American English can be divided into several regional sub-dialects.
SAE:
The territory of spreading - Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Arkansas, as well as most of Texas, Virginia, Oklahoma, Kentucky, and West Virginia. It also includes parts of southern and central Missouri, and parts of Florida and Maryland.
Main features:
It possesses a striking distinctive feature – vowel drawl, which is a specific way of pronouncing vowels, consisting in diphthongization and even triphthongization of some pure vowels and monophthongization of some diphthongs at the expense of prolonging(drawling) their nuclei and dropping the glides.
The conditional merger of [ɛ] and [ɪ] before nasal consonants, the pin–pen merger.
The diphthong /aɪ/ becomes monophthongized to /a:/.
Lax and tense vowels often merge before /l/
The "Southern Shift", a chain shift following on as a result of the Southern Drawl: the nuclei of and move to become higher and fronter, so that, for example, instead of , becomes a tenser . This process is most common in heavily stressed syllables. At the same time, the nuclei of the traditional front upgliding diphthongs are relaxed: moves towards and moves towards or even lower and/or more retracted.
Many nouns are stressed on the first syllable that would be stressed on the second syllable in other accents. These include police, cement, Detroit, Thanksgiving, insurance, behind, display, hotel, motel, recycle, TV, guitar, July, and umbrella.
Use of the contraction y'all as the second person plural pronoun.
Pin-pen merger – is a conditional merger of /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ before the nasal stops [m], [n], and [ŋ].
Vowel drawl – the diphthongization/triphthongization of the traditional short front vowels as in the words pat, pet, and pit: these develop a glide up from their original starting position to [j], and then in some cases back down to schwa. "pat", "pet", and "pit"
/æ/ → [æjə]
/ɛ/ → [ɛjə]
/ɪ/ → [ɪjə]
Sub-regional dialects found across the Southern United States, collectively known as Southern American English:
Atlantic (Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern, Miami)
Midland and Highland (South Midland or Highland Southern, Southern Appalachian)
Gulf of Mexico (Gulf Southern and Mississippi Delta, Florida Cracker)
Louisiana (Cajun, Creole, Yat, Garden District/Uptown)
Texas
General American(GenAm, GA)/Network English –is a type of American English which comprises that majority of American accents from Ohio through the Middle West and on to the Pacific coast (also known as Nothern American or Western American).
GE:
is the form of speech used by radio, television.
is mostly used in scientific, cultural and business intercourse.
The territory of spreading: (central Atlantic states) New York, New Jersey, Wisconsin.
Broadly speaking, however, the spectrum of GenAm probably includes areas with more marked accents such as the American Midland (Southern Ohio, Missouri, Kansas, etc.); and the Inland North (Michigan, Wisconsin, etc.)
(див. питання: 8,11 )
11. Major differences between Received pronunciation (RP) and General American (GAm) pronunciation
Received Pronunciation (RP) is the standard accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom, with a relationship to regional accents similar to the relationship in other European languages between their standard varieties and their regional forms.
It is important not to confuse the notion of Received Pronunciation – a standard accent – with the "Standard English", "the Queen's English", "Oxford English" or "BBC English". The study of RP is concerned exclusively with pronunciation, while study of the standard language is also concerned with matters such as grammar, vocabulary and style.
General American (GA)- is a major accent of American English. The accent is not restricted to theUnited States. It comprises that majority of American accents from Ohio through the Middle West and on to the Pacific coast (also known as Nothern American or Western American).
Major phonological differences between RP and GAm:
GAm is rhotic while RP is non-rhotic; that is, the phoneme /r/, or what was historically a phoneme /r/, is only pronounced in RP when it is immediately followed by a vowel sound. Where GAm pronounces /r/ before a consonant and at the end of an utterance, RP either has nothing (if the preceding vowel is /ɔː/ or /ɑː/, as in bore and bar) or has a schwa instead (the resulting sequences are diphthongs or triphthongs).
The "linking R" of many RP speakers (in such sequences as "the idea-r-of it") is absent in GAm; this is a consequence of the rhotic/non-rhotic distinction.
For some RP speakers (upper class), unlike in GAm, some or all of tire, tower, and tar are homophones
RP has three open back vowels, where GAm has only two or even one. Most GAm speakers use the same vowel for RP "short O" /ɒ/ as for RP "broad A" /ɑː/(the father–bother merger); many also use the same vowel for these as for RP /ɔː/ (the cot–caught merger).
The trap–bath split has resulted in RP having "broad A" /ɑː/ where GAm has "short A" /æ/, in most words where A is followed by either /n/ followed by another consonant, or /v/, /ð/, /z/, /s/, /f/, or /θ/ (e.g. plant, pass, laugh, path).
RP has a marked degree of contrast of length between "short" and "long" vowels (The long vowels being the diphthongs, and /iː/, /uː/, /ɜː/, /ɔː/, /ɑː/). In GAm this contrast is much less evident, and the IPA length symbol (ː) is often omitted.
The "long O" vowel (as in boat) is realised differently: GAm pure [oː] or diphthongized [oʊ]; RP central first element [əʊ]. However there is considerable variation in this vowel on both sides of the Atlantic.
The distinction between unstressed /ɪ/ and /ə/ (e.g. roses vs Rosa's) is sometimes lost in GAm. In RP it is retained, in part because it helps to avoid non-rhotic homophones; e.g. batted vs battered as /ˈbætɪd/ vs /ˈbætəd/.
Where GAm has /iː/ in an unstressed syllable at the end of a morpheme, conservative RP has /ɪ/. This distinction is retained in inflected forms(e.g. candied and candid are homophones in RP, but not in GAm).
Yod-dropping occurs in GAm after all alveolar consonants, including /t/, /d/, /θ/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/; i.e. historic /juː/ (from spellings u, ue, eu, ew), is pronounced /uː/ in a stressed syllable. In contrast, RP speakers:
always retain /j/ after /n/: e.g. new is RP /njuː/, GAm /nuː/;
retain it after /t/, /d/: e.g. due is RP /djuː/ or /dʒuː/, GAm /duː/;
retain or drop it after /θ/, /l/: e.g. allude is RP /əˈljuːd/ or (as GAm) /əˈluːd/.
retain or drop it after /s/, /z/: e.g. assume is RP /əˈsjuːm/ or /əˈʃuːm/, or (as GAm) /əˈsuːm/;
12. Australian English is a non-rhotic variety of English spoken by most native-born Australians.
Phonologically, it is one of the most regionally homogeneous language varieties in the world. As with most dialects of English, it is distinguished primarily by its vowel phonology.
Australians have a distinct accent, which varies between social classes and is sometimes claimed to vary from state to state, although this is disputed. Accents tend to be strongest in the more remote areas. (Note that while there are many similarities between Australian accents and New Zealand ones, there are also a number of differences.)
In Australia they commonly distinguish between 3 accents, these are as follows:
1. Cultivated. An accent, used by about 10 per cent of the population, on which Received Pronunciation continues to exert a considerable influence. In some speakers the accent is very close to educated southern British, with just a hint of its Australian origin in certain vowels and in the intonation. In its most RP-like form, speakers of other varieties tend to think of it as affected.
2. Broad. At the opposite extreme, this accent, used by about 30 per cent of the population, is the one most clearly identified with the notion of an Australian twang. It is heard in many countries in the voices of the characters portrayed by such actors as Paul Hogan and Barry Humphries.
3. General. In between there is a mainstream group of accents used by most of the population.
The
Australian vowel system is quite different from other varieties.
Other standard varieties have tense vowels, lax vowels, and
diphthongs. Australian English on the other hand has turned most of
the tense vowels into diphthongs, and turned some of what are
diphthongs in Received Pronunciation into long vowels, thus replacing
the tense-lax distinction (one of 
quality)
with a long-short distinction (one of quantity). The table below
shows these.
Australian accent is non-rhotic: star /stɑ:/.
1. The long ee sound (as in see) is heard as the diphthong er-ee (the first element of which is the schwa, or neutral sound as it is sometimes called), so that see turns into seree, or, for foreigners, even sehee (sayee).
2. The long oo sound is heard as o, so that soup turns into soap.
3. The long ah sound (as in heart) tends to be fronter, sounding similar to what begins the diphthong i (as in lie), but longer.
4. The short u sound (as in love) tends to be fronter too, sounding as if it begins the diphthong i (as in lie).
5. The diphthong ay (as in play) tends to be wider, as if its first element is the sound a (as in bad), or sometimes it can sound as the sound i (as in lie), so that may turns into my.
6. The diphthong air (as in care) becomes monophthong eh (as in pen), but long.
7. The first element of the diphthong i (as in lie) is pronounced as a short ah sound (as in heart).
8. The first element of the diphthong ow (as in now) is produced at the front of the mouth and it is raised, so that it sounds as a (as in bad).
9. The diphthong ere (as in here) sounds as pure ee (as in see), so that here turns into he.
10. When there is a choice between the er (teacher) and the short ee (ladies) in an unstressed syllable, the er sound replaces the short ee in most cases but in the -ed ending where the long ee is often produced. So boxers and boxes sound the same (both with the er sound) whereas studied and studded sound differently (the first word has the long ee and the second one has the er).
11. Vowels next to a nasal consonant tend to retain the nasality more than in RP: such words as down and now are often strongly nasalised in the broad accent, and are the chief reason for the designation of this accent as a twang.
The phonetic basis for the three accent types emerges from a consideration of these qualities. The broad accent makes much use of tongue movements which are more open or further forward than the RP norms. The cultivated accent is, literally, further back.
__________
- Australian English pronunciation is most similar to that of New Zealand English: many people from other parts of the world often cannot distinguish them but there are differences. New Zealand English has centralised /ɪ/ and the other short front vowels are higher. New Zealand English more strongly maintains the diphthongal quality of the NEAR and SQUARE vowels and they can be merged as something around [iə]. New Zealand English does not have the bad-lad split, but like Victoria has merged /e/ with /æ/ in pre-lateral environments.[citation needed]
Both New Zealand English and Australian English are also similar to South African English, so that they have even been grouped together under the common label "southern hemisphere Englishes".Like the other two varieties in that group, Australian English pronunciation bears some similarities to dialects from the South-East of Britain; Thus, it is non-rhotic and has the trap-bath split although, as indicated above, this split was not completed in Australia as it was in England, so many words that have the bath vowel in England retain the trap vowel in Australia.
Historically, the Australian English also had the same lengthening of /ɔ/ before unvoiced fricatives, but, like the English accents, this has since been reversed. Australian English lacks some innovations in Cockney since the settling of Australia, such as the use of a glottal stop in many places where a /t/ would be found, th-fronting, and h-dropping. The intervocalic alveolar-flapping, which Australian English has instead, is a feature found in similar environments in American English.