1. Types of phonostyles.

Informational style- is used to communicate information without giving it any emotional evaluation mostly by radio- and TV announcers in press-reporting and broadcasting: weather forecasts, news etc. or in various official situations. It is stylistically neutral.

Voice timbre	Dispassionate, impartial, but resolute and assured
Loudness	Normal or increased
Tempo	Slow, rarely allergo
Pauses	Rather long, especially at the end of each news item.
Rythm	Stable
Terminal tones	Categoric, final falling tones, rising and falling-rising tones

Academic/Scientific style employs intellectual and volitional intonation patterns. It is objective and precise and is used by the lecturers, teachers and scientists.

Voice timbre	Authoritative, imposing, edifying, instructive, self-assured.
Loudness	Increased, sometimes forte
Tempo	Normal, slow on the most important parts, flexible
Pauses	Rather long
Rythm	Properly organised
Terminal tones	Many compound terminal tones: High Fall+Low Rise, Fall-Rise, Rise-Fall-Rise, a great number of high categoric falls
Scales/heads	Stepping, descending and ascending,

2. Publicistic/Oratorial style is characterized mostly by volitional intonation patterns. Its aim is to influence the listener and convince him. It is used mostly in public speeches by politicians, commentators, judges, etc.

Voice timbre	Difnified. self-assured, concerned and personaly involved
Loudness	Enourmously increased
Tempo	Moderately slow
Pauses	Definitely long between the passages, a great number of breath taking pauses, “rhetorical silence” is often used to influence the public.
Rythm	Properly organized
Terminal tones	Mostly emphatic, falling-rising tones are frequent
Scales/ Tones	Descending and stepping, often broken to increase the emphasis
Extralinguistic features	Kinesics: mimics, movements, gestures for more influence

Declematory/Artistic style uses intellectual, volitional and emotional intonation patterns. Its aim is to influence the mind, the will and feelings of the listener by image-bearing devices. It is widely used in stage speech, classroom recitation or in reading fiction aloud, drama, poetry.

Voice timbre	Concerned, personally involved, emotionally rich
Loudness	Varied according to the size of the audience to the emotional setting
Tempo	Deliberately slow, necessitated by the purpose of reading
Pauses	long, especially between the sentences
Rythm	Properly organized
Terminal tones	Categoric law and high falls, occasional use of rising and level tones to break the monotony
Scales/ Tones	Varied, both emphatic and non-emphatic; level and stepping.

Conversational/ Familiar/ Informal style is typical of everyday life, is used in informal conversations of relatives, friends and well-acquainted people. Attitudinal intonation patterns prevail in this style.

Voice timbre	Concerned, personally involved, emotionally rich
Loudness	Varied
Tempo	Varied from slowto very fast
Pauses	Different kinds: filled, hesitation, breath-taking
Rythm	Not organized
Terminal tones	falling, rising, complex
Scales/ Tones	All scales

3. Dialectology (from Greek διάλεκτος, dialektos, "talk, dialect"; and -λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics. It studies variations inlanguage based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features. Dialectology treats such topics as divergence of two local dialects from a common ancestor and synchronic variation.

Dialectologists are ultimately concerned with grammatical, lexical and phonological features that correspond to regional areas. Thus they usually deal not only with populations that have lived in certain areas for generations, but also with migrant groups that bring their languages to new areas.

Commonly studied concepts in dialectology include the problem of mutual intelligibility in defining languages and dialects; situations of diglossia, where two dialects are used for different functions; dialect continua (or area)  including a number of partially mutually intelligible dialects; and pluricentrism, where what is essentially a single genetic language exists as two or more standard varieties.

1)In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without intentional study or special effort

2) n linguistics, diglossia refers to a situation in which two dialects or usually closely related languages are used by a single language community.

Methods

Dialect researchers typically use questionnaires to gather data on the dialect they are researching. There are two main types of questionnaires; direct and indirect.

Researchers using direct questionnaires will present the subject with a set of questions that demand a specific answer and are designed to gather either lexical or phonological information. For example, the linguist may ask the subject the name for various items, or ask him or her to repeat certain words.

Indirect questionnaires are typically more open-ended and take longer to complete than direct questionnaires. A researcher using this method will sit down with a subject and begin a conversation on a specific topic. For example, he may question the subject about farm work, food and cooking, or some other subject, and gather lexical and phonological information from the information provided by the subject. The researcher may also begin a sentence, but allow the subject to finish it for him, or ask a question that does not demand a specific answer, such as “What are the most common plants and trees around here?”