1.2 Problems of social and cultural adaptation of Muslims in Europe

The most important component of immigration policy of the state is integration of immigrants into society. In Germany this question arose in the 1970th when, despite closing of programs of labor immigration, number of visitors continued to increase. By 1988 the number of foreign citizens in Germany made 4,5 million people, or 7,3% of all population. Thus, problems which became aggravated in recent years, originate in the 1980th as at that time practically there was no the legislative base and measures capable to promote integration.

After adoption of law on immigration of 2005 the question of integration became sharper. Germany recognized itself as the country of immigration, so undertook to regulate all processes, related. At the initiative of the federal chancellor of Germany A. Merkel in July, 2006 in Berlin the first summit on problems of integration of immigrants at which need of development of the political integration project was sounded was carried out and terms of its development are put (till July, 2007) . As a result in a year, in July, 2007, "The national plan for integration" was approved. The concept of the plan included about 400 separate measures for integration of immigrants. About 750 million euros were allocated for programs for integration of immigrants by the government, 2008 was declared in Germany "year of integration". It yielded the results: by 2010 the number of various integration courses totaled 16 thousand. Generally it were courses on German, history and fundamentals of public and legal sciences. Also in 2008 on a constant basis the test for obtaining nationality is entered. It is focused on those foreigners who lived a long time in Germany and wished to receive the passport, without having the German certificate on leaving school.

Further one more summit which results were decisions on increase in duration and intensity of integration courses, carrying out them for new categories of immigrants and from earlier age was carried out. Also the concept of the plan of integration included programs for providing a good education and training, increase of chances in labor market, improvement of a life situation of women and girls, equality implementation, to support of integration at places, assistance to cultural diversity, implementation of integration through sport, to advance of a variety of mass media, strengthening of integration through civil activity and equal, to opening of opportunities of science for the whole world.

Example of successful practice of integration was the political party of Muslim migrants, the first in the history of Germany, "Union for updating and justice" which spoke out in defense of interests of Muslim immigrants, for improvement of their situation and integration into the German society. The leader of the party H. Yyldyz hopes to attract sympathies of those migrants who do not see a due response to the expectations from traditional German parties, such as CDU, SPD, SVDP, "Green" or "Left". But in the German society treat this party very skeptically. The party still has no accurately expressed program and the political line. In 2009 she managed to spend two candidates for city council of Bonn, but activity they showed only when business concerned religion questions, for example, of a question of carrying a traditional Muslim scarf by women in public places. Includes in the plans of party in 2013 to act on elections to the Bundestag.

In the political sphere the Green Party which at party meeting in Erfurt for the first time in history elected on November 15, 2008 the cochairman of the German politician of the Turkish origin D. Ozdemir is one more striking example of successful integration of migrants. It received nearly 80% of votes of deputies, having become, thus, the first head of national political party of Germany who on the ethnic origin was not German. Afterwards one of the largest parties of the country, Social Democratic Party of Germany, entered at themselves obligatory quotas for natives of the immigrant environment in bodies of party management. The share of natives of the immigrant environment in the management of SPD has to make in future 15%.

The integration summits and political party of Muslim migrants are an example of successfully pursued integration policy, but, unfortunately, it is still more than unsuccessful, disputable experiences. Not all immigrants want to be integrated. In 2010 the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Germany T. de Mezier, referring to statistics of Federal department for migrants and refugees, declared that from 10 to 15% of migrants into Germany do not want to be integrated: they do not attend courses on integration, are fenced off from the German society and do not recognize the German state. Besides, about another 10% of migrants who started attending courses, did not finish training. Also de Mezier recognized a number of omissions in the pursued policy on integration, having added that a problem of migrants of the power approached often thoughtlessly.

According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in total 1, 1 million foreigners in the country do not know sense of German. It is natural that in conditions when visitors do not even wish to learn language of the country which accepted them, about integration out of the question. De Mezier's words were confirmed by Federal agency statistically according to which in 2010 13% of immigrants did not attend obligatory integration courses.

Large German politicians, including the German chancellor A. Merkel, did not exclude imposition of sanctions concerning those migrants who refuse to be integrated. The speech can go about imposing of a penalty or reduction of social benefits. A problem that the German model of integration is the assimilations model on which it is supposed in more degree that the visitor of people completely will adopt traditions, laws, norms of life and language of the country which sheltered him. This model of the solution of an immigration question arose one of the first, and every time when there was a question what to do with immigrants, appeals to more resolute policy of assimilation were distributed. In society requirements to talk in public places only in German, to accept Christianity, to cease to wear religious distinctions and traditional clothes sounded. This position of the German authorities and the German society also caused discontent among immigrants who did not wish to forget the roots therefore and with integration courses there are so many problems.

Now there is a search of compromise option of integration, some motions in it are, but to a final decision of this problem it is necessary to make many efforts.

After adoption of the immigration law of 2005 by the leading German politicians the statement was made that Germany follows a way of creation of multicultural society. A little more than 5 years later the German chancellor and the leader of ruling party A. Merkel on October 21, 2010, speaking at meeting of the youth organization CDU in Potsdam, declared a multiculturalism policy failure: "We — the country which else in the early sixties invited to itself guest workers. Now they live near us. We lived long time to ourselves that they will not remain here forever that sometime they will leave. It is a lie. And, of course, attempt to tell: "Let's arrange now multiculturalism and we will live together and to rejoice each other" absolutely failed".

Speaking about a multiculturalism problem, it is necessary to give definition of this phenomenon at first. Multiculturalism (multiculturalism) represents rather recent phenomenon: it arose in the 70th of the XX century in Canada and the USA. Multiculturalism acts at the same time and as the real social movement, and as a certain current of thought and ideology. In the political plan multiculturalism — is the policy directed on preservation of cultural distinctions, cultural diversity between people of various belief, faith and the political views living in the neighborhoods. The European states declared more than once the attempts to construct multicultural society, i.e. society where national values would be above values ethnic where each person would have equal access to various cultures and could form own position. And here the leader of the largest European country declared a failure of such attempts.

Earlier other prominent German politicians also spoke about this problem. For example, the leader of CSU, the prime minister of Bavaria H. Zeekhofer declared: "Multiculturalism is dead". Also, one of the chief critics of the pursued immigration and integration policy was the former board member of Bundesbank, the member of SPD T. Saratsin. In August-September, 2010 in Germany there was a juicy scandal in connection with the publication of its book under the name "Germany — Self-liquidation". In the book it was said that growth of number of immigrants who do not perceive the German culture and do not seek to be integrated into the German society, conducts to decline of Germany. As showed polls, most of the population supported Sarratsin. Many Germans declared that divide critical statements of the author of "Self-liquidation" concerning migrants. Sarratsin's book became a hit of sales. The second place after it, the book enigmatically of the lost Berlin judge K. Hayzig "By the way, occupied the end to patience" in which growth of teenage crime, including, in the immigrant environment and discrimination of the German school students was described from pupils migrants.

The reasons for a failure of multiculturalism it is possible to find much. On the one hand, it can be shortcomings of the legislation. On the other hand, this behavior of immigrants: unwillingness to attend integration courses, the requirement of social benefits, but at the same time refusal to go to look for work. Especially accurately it was shown at a so-called second wave of immigration — children of the immigrants who arrived earlier receiving various benefits which quite is enough for them for life. Communal life in certain ethnic quarters beyond which limits the majority of visitors and does not consider it necessary to go became one more factor which led to failure of policy of multiculturalism. Most often it is the isolated Muslim quarters to which in Germany apply the term "parallel society".

Article of two Berlin teachers who told was published in the Spiegel magazine that in a number of the Berlin schools Germans appeared actually on position of the derelicts who are constantly subjected to humiliations and attacks from the Turkish contemporaries. One of the burning issues is often the demonstrative unwillingness of immigrants to learn German. Nevertheless, you should not dump a problem of language only on visitors. The authorities of Germany created a set of conditions to manage and have opportunity to work at all without knowledge of language. Of course, it concerns not prestigious and not highly paid work, but it is often quite acceptable for most of immigrants.

Striking example of disputable behavior of immigrants was the match of the German national teams and Turkey on soccer which was found on an elimination game for an exit in the European championship taking place on October 8, 2010 at the Berlin Olympic stadium. Berlin in which lives many Turk, was divided into two sports centers. But if the German fans friendly welcomed both national teams, Turkish fans at first catcalled the anthem of Germany played before a match, and then began to offend the player of the German national team Mezut Ozil — the ethnic Turk, the citizen of Germany. Especially Turkish fans were indignant when Ozil scored the second goal in Turkish national team gate: tribunes blew up shouts "the Traitor!

In line with multiculturalism the modern immigration policy offers rapprochement of the social and economic rights of immigrants and citizens of the host country. However one of the main obstacles for realization of this deeply humane and correct idea is initially unequal position of immigrants, even those who arrived for a long time, in comparison with their contemporaries. Lack of necessary language level, and from here and the impossibility to get good education, mental and cultural barriers, family traditions often complicate a way of the young immigrant to career tops which are easier achievable for representatives of indigenous people of the host country. How many forces the state spent for support of programs of social and cultural integration of immigrants, without desire of the youngest immigrant to achieve success, having made every effort to it, programs will not be carried out. The policy of creation of multicultural society pursued by the government despite all seeming correctness, does not bring due results, and plans how to change such state of affairs while is not present.

The question of creation of multicultural space in the territory of Germany is certainly very closely bound with the solution of a migratory question. Only when it will be possible to resolve an issue of migration and to change the relation of Germans to this problem, it will be possible to speak and about creation of multicultural society. Both parties — both Germans, and immigrants since consequences of social contradictions can be reflected not only in the cultural sphere are interested in the solution of this problem, but also on a political situation, and also an economic condition of the countries therefore, the quicker both parties will sit down at a negotiating table, the big problems will manage to be avoided in the future.

Immigrants created extensive Diasporas, in essence, new ethnic minorities. There were whole branches of economy — construction, public works, a services sector — which are based mainly on work of immigrants. The governments of host countries appear before a dilemma: preservation of democratic traditions, openness of society, aspiration to give help needing, on the one hand, and, with another, the difficult internal political and social situation caused by inflow of immigrants, including illegal.

Stay in the country of a large number of foreigners creates many difficulties and problems, cases of not friendliness of part of locals to them take place. Discontent of citizens is caused by large volume of the social help to foreigners that the communal closed life of many immigrants, evasion of taxes, non-compliance with the status duties by foreigners lays down on shoulders of the German taxpayers. For example, they have a right for a political asylum in the territory of Germany which is granted to the refugee in view of danger of his stay in the homeland, but at the same time the part of the refugees suitable under this category will see off in the homeland where they are pursued allegedly, the holiday.

Realities of modern society changed the attitude towards immigrants in Germany and across all Europe. Such negative concepts as extremism, terrorism, radicalism, are associated with immigrants, especially with Muslims now. Islam is perceived as threat, as the religion bearing violence now. Some discontent of citizens is caused with that the natives of the Islamic countries immigrating to Germany in increasing frequency manage to hold important political posts in governing bodies. For example, the minister of social problems of Germany is Aygyul Ezkan, become the first immigrant who could hold a ministerial post in Germany.

The inefficiency of immigration policy leads to growth of xenophobia and extremism as from local, and the population visitor that develops into direct collisions and disorders on streets of the cities. According to Department on protection of the constitution, in 2009 the number of far right extremists in Germany reached 30 thousand (in 2007 — 20 thousand), among which 4800 — neo-Nazis. In 2008 far right nationalists committed nearly 20 thousand crimes from which 1094 are connected with manifestations of violence. Even more guarding data were published by Friedrich Ebert's Fund. According to research, from 20 to 40% of Germans profess far-right and xenophobic views. So, 35,6% of Germans declared that Germany "is dangerously overflowed by migrants", and 34,3% — that foreigners "come to Germany to profit on its social system". Thus 8,8% of Germans declared desirability of introduction "in certain conditions" dictatorships, 13,2% wished to see at the head of the country "the leader, a strong hand of the leader the country to prosperity", and 23,6% dream of "the only party which will unite all people".

There is a growth of influence and popularity of radical far right ideas. They impose to society an image of the enemy in the person of immigrants, actively criticizing immigration policy and policy of multiculturalism. Continuous operating in a way of any enemy, whether it be terrorism, Islam or immigration — all this is opposed to civil society. Multiculturalism, tolerance, political correctness are presented as the reason of crash of the European identity.

Such positions find more and more supporters among Germans, especially young. Along with legally operating parties: National democratic party of Germany and the German national union — an important form of the organization of the right radicals are crews (kameradshafta). It is about the associations operating in provincial towns consisting mainly of young guys and having, as a rule, no more than 20 members. Crews speak at demonstrations, publish leaflets or support the Internet sites. They are, as a rule, responsible for oppressions and attacks on migrants from other countries and the political opponents, positioning themselves as security forces at the local level.

Far-right ideas get into subcultures, popular among modern youth, sound in songs of musical collectives, there are as to screens as an art house movies.

The problem of increase of popularity of far-right ideas in Germany can complicate already difficult question of immigrants even more. A task of the authorities to protect youth from hit in a network of the such organizations and to prevent still bigger strengthening of anti-nationalist promotion. Germany, having admitted the fact of that is the country of immigration, followed a difficult way of creation of society where both local, and to the visitor to the population will live equally comfortably. Now, apparently, there is a lot of problems connected with carrying out immigration policy. A difficulty of integration, creation of multicultural society, the discontent of citizens of Germany, splash in far right ideas — is only small part of problems which the German society should face. But the understanding of that without "an immigrant inoculation" to develop and furthermore it will not be possible to be in leaders of Europe of Germany, already exists and was enshrined in minds of Germans. Germany — rather young immigration country which needs time for smoothing of corners of the policy pursued by it in relation to visitors. A trial and error method, after a while, Germany will come to the decision of the problems connected with immigration its future is simple because behind it.