1.1 Islam in Western Europe: tendencies and their interpretation

Influence of Islam on Europe happened not only by an exchange of cultural, scientific and technical knowledge. Gradually in Europe Muslims began to appear and settle, creating communities in which they could keep and develop the traditions and customs without serious consequences. Naturally process of emergence of Muslim communities in Europe was not one-stage and occupied a certain time span. Up to the middle of the XX century in Western Europe Islam was presented only by some eminent guests, the few servants delivered from colonies by the former military personnel for whom in the second half of XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries the first European mosques were constructed. In Paris, for example, the first mosque worked from the second half of the XIX century. Recently the number of the European Muslims promptly grows. It is promoted by high birth rate in Muslim families, in which average number of children as a rule not lower than four. The possession of many children of Muslim families contrasts with crisis of traditional family values at indigenous Europeans. The most important democratic achievement of a modern western civilization proclaimed freedom of the homosexual relations, and in a number of the countries of Holland, Belgium, Canada, Spain and Switzerland. Families which have one child seldom are solved on the birth of the second. The role and militant feministic promotion claiming plays that children interfere with the woman to take a worthy place in society. Refusal of traditional family values and moral crisis of society promotes growth of popularity of Islam even in the environment of indigenous people of Europe. In France the number of white Muslim French already exceeds 50 thousand people and it considerably surpasses number of the Russian Muslims in Russia. Within several decades of difficulty of demographic and economic character compelled the European Union countries to legalize and even to propagandize immigration from the Muslim countries. The main problem consisted that process of cultural integration of Muslims into the European society was strongly complicated because of their commitment to Islamic values. And unlike immigrants of the first wave, rejection of surrounding reality among Muslims of the second and third generation constantly accrued and got more and more radical forms. On the subjects directly or indirectly connected with a problem of migrants

From the non-European countries which settled in Western Europe already exists

the set of publications, and their stream continues to increase on the accruing. Thus it is necessary to notice that focus of researches, their structure and tonalities underwent the essential in recent years changes. Throughout very long time the main emphasis was placed on plots, characteristic for migration and migrants in general. Speech

went first of all about simplification of their adaptation to the accepting society, about ways of their protection against discrimination as in labor market, so and out of it. The assumption that the mass and pressed in time inoetnichal and inokonfessionalny migratory streams conceal in themselves serious long-term danger to stability of host countries was perceived as politically incorrect, being associated rather with a position of the marginal far-right parties. Scenarios according to which migratory processes in Western Europe developed over the last 50 years, led to large-scale quantitative and high-quality changes. In the XXI century Western Europe entered with the new numerous and growing ethnic minorities different from indigenous people in confessional, language, cultural relation. They, as a rule, do not seek to merge with an environment, to accept the customs approved in the country of residence, a way of life. Moreover, they accurately realize the ethnic specifics, the interests and opportunities to defend them, using the political and other methods approved in an area of new accommodation. Such mass demonstrations in France against a ban on carrying Muslim scarf in educational institutions of the country can be an example.

Transfer to the countries of new accommodation of external political problems which have not a direct bearing on these countries became one more essentially new tendency. Perhaps, mass actions of Kurds in connection with arrest of their leader A. Oçalan became the first loud call of this sort. They took place at once in several countries and made on the Europeans who were not expecting it strong impression.

Nevertheless the event which happened out of Europe became a turning point in interpretation of a perspective of new ethnic minorities. On September 11, 2001 forced not only in a new way and more adequately to look at consequences of migratory and demographic dynamics, but also provoked a certain list towards Islam - phobias, the excited politicization and superficial journalism. On the problems connected with the second and third generation the special attention is fairly focused. Exactly round the youth which was born and grew in Europe the difficult ball present (and future is tied!) the problems proceeding from immigrant communities. In "classical" model which for many decades was shown, in particular, by migratory waves to North America, the community also possessed a noticeable role. Especially it increased when an Anglo-Saxon and Protestant component pressed is southern also the East European streams, foreign-language and inokonfessional (Catholics, Jews, Orthodox Christians...). Approximately similar it was observed in the first post-war decades when moving migrants from Southern Europe (Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Yugoslavia) to the same France or Germany.

Existence of ethnically related communities promoted mitigation of many of the problems which were inevitably arising before newly arrived, allowed to rely on fellow countrymen at the beginning and, eventually, helped smooth adaptation to the unusual environment, entry into new society. At each new generation of immigrants of communication with the communities became weaker, and barriers between them and the accepting society gradually were removed. In modern Europe with youth from the new ethnic minorities everything occurs just exactly the opposite. Unlike the parents, young Muslims keep in less close connections with the non-Muslim population, prefer to live under own laws and seek to send the children not in mixed, and to Islamic schools. Properly, for example, from the sociological data provided in the "English" chapter, three quarters of young Muslims resolutely support that women surely covered the head with a scarf. And among elderly people of a similar position less than a third of all respondents adheres! The ratio between the moderate Islamic majority preferring to live under the British laws, and minority, rejecting them is estimated kak60 to 40%. But the minority share continuously increases. On socialization of the younger generations of immigrants, in addition, the essential mark is left by such factor as communication "proximity" of the world which allows keeping and keeping in contact even with the most remote countries of an outcome of migrants (the Internet, opportunity to accept any TV channels, for example, Moroccan or Turkish). Many young people come to the countries

origins of the parents for the summer or even for some months.

Processes of Islamization of society in unsuccessful quarters have extreme forms and therefore are especially noticeable, but Islamization of public space occurs in softer forms everywhere. It is realized as if naturally as Islam unites religious and social functions at the same time. In other words, natural from the point of view of "classical" models process of gradual growing of immigrants into the accepting society not only stopped, but also addresses back. The specified tendency analyzed by authors of the considered book causes more and more concern. As the authoritative expert in the field of the European researches professor of Harvard university Jonathans Lawrence, "considers deep alienation of many Muslims, especially the second and third generation of the immigrant families, men and women who were born in Europe — one of the most unpleasant problems facing today the continent. If everything remains on - former, this alienation and the hostility of white Christian or non-Christian Europeans feeding it can lead to disintegration of civil fabric of the strongest democracies of Europe".

As it is represented, increase in number of ethnic communities in to Europe gained in fact irreversible character and it cannot be stopped by the operating legal principles, norms and practicing. It is caused including by opposite indicators of a natural increase at indigenous people practically of all countries of the European Union, on the one hand, and at new ethnic minorities, with another. However first of all forward dynamics will be defined by the proceeding migratory pressure. And that will be defined not only quantitative by an increase in population in the countries of an outcome of present inhabitants of ethnic communities, but also a ratio of the age groups making it. By calculations, on each young man who was 20 years old, on the northern, European coast of the Mediterranean Sea about nine, its one-years on the southern, African coast Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt fall now. From the very beginning of folding of new ethnic minorities in Europe the fragmentirovannost, dissociation on ethnic was one of the main and their obvious characteristics, confessional, strange howl and even regional accessory. Often the relations between different immigrant educations had much more conflict character, than their contacts with local population. Fully it belonged and to various groups of immigrants of the Muslim countries. On pages of the considered book this perspective remained as if in the shadow. For example, existence among natives of Turkey of the isolated Kurdish community it is mentioned only water of two German heads (S. V. Pogorelskaya) and that casually. A little bigger attention is paid to contradictions between immigrants, including Islamic, the organizations.

In view of diversity and mysticism of structure of the new ethnic minorities of modern Europe, existence visible unifying and at the inter country level of symptoms at the simultaneous and causing them distancing from surrounding society makes especially strong impression. Also these show symptoms natives of the Muslim countries. The younger generation which grew in Europe, real citizens of the respective countries did not become. Wherein Islamic youth in many social and psychological parameters considerably differs from contemporaries in countries of origin the parents, as, however, and from parents. Differs in that number smaller tendency to cultivation of intra Islamic distinctions and where bigger readiness to respond on it is general the Muslim problems and calls (Salmon Rushdie's business, Palestinian "knot", occupation of Iraq, Chechnya...). They become an important factor not only socialization of young people, but also their Radicalizations. The tendency to orientation of part of Muslim youth not on own diasporas, and on wider Islamic community is traced (in scales of the country of residence, all Europe or even the world). There is an imagined association of people of various ethnic origin and historical roots under the name "Muslims".

Being guided by the analysis of English researches, T. S. Kondratyeva considers that increase of interest in religion is not connected with aspiration youth to follow cultural traditions of the parents. Their appeal to religion has rather political character. The author of the "British" chapter is also inclined to confer responsibility for a present situation including on the multiculturalism policy pursued with 1980kh years in Great Britain. The approaches peculiar to it which are constantly emphasizing distinctions between ethnos in her opinion, put damage of the British national identity also stimulated aspiration to be engaged in searches of the own at Muslims.

Costs in embedding of Muslims in secularly society are considered on the example of France. The main obstacle to integration of Muslims basic distinctions in outlook of indigenous French, which consciousness perfume permeated secularity, and Muslims for whom, on the contrary, worldly life is inseparable from the religious. Very noticeable number of Muslims in this country cultural attachment to Islam prevails over religiousness.

The main problem consisted that process of cultural integration of Muslims into the European society was strongly complicated because of their commitment to Islamic values. And unlike immigrants of the first wave, rejection of surrounding reality among Muslims of the second and third generation constantly accrued and got more and more radical forms. Islamization spiritual was promoted by Saudi Arabia which was annually allocating for promotion of the Koran and construction of mosques of 30 million francs. As a result the number of mosques in France reached 3 thousand. Already in the second half of the 1990th years young Muslims of Europe started showing the increasing intolerance to such European values as sexual equality, freedom of religion, a freedom of speech, ensuring the rights of sexual minorities, etc.

At the beginning of the third millennium the European Muslims turned into active political force. In the spring and summer of 2001 mass actions were carried out by the British Muslims in manufacturing towns of Central England. In 2002 during parliamentary elections in France mass demonstrations of the French Muslims considerably paralyzed activity of the right extremist National Front. The European Muslims in many respects promoted development by Europe of an independent position on war in Iraq in 2003. In the winter of 2003/2004 large-scale actions of the European Muslims which were directed against a ban by the French Ministry of Education of wearing a hijab at schools were carried out. In the European cities constantly pass mass marches in support of the people of Palestine, against policy of the USA and Israel. Europe already became the arena of activity of the Islamic terrorists who organized explosions in Madrid on March 11, 2004. And murder of the Dutch director Teo Van Gogh in Amsterdam on November 2, 2004.

For some decades Islam turned into the most important factor of the European public life. Without this factor a little serious forecast of future development of Europe and all modern worlds are impossible. Most of Muslims of Europe was not integrated into the European reality and consciously refuses to accept the West European way of life, morals and values. Refusing the European identity, they make a choice for "pure" Islam in its Arabian version and feel first of all as part of the world Muslim community numbering more than 1 billion people. The developed demographic situation strengthens Muslims in confidence that sooner or later Western Europe will become part of the Islamic world. Some analysts claim that already in the near future France will become the first Islamic country of Western Europe. It is unlikely events will develop at so prompt speed. But the tendency of growth of influence of Islam is obvious: current revolt of Muslim youth in the cities of Western Europe became its manifestation, evident and ugly in the form. And the more long local authorities will close eyes to an Islamic problem, the it will be more difficult to find adequate methods of its decision.

The modern provision of Muslim communities in the certain European countries the historical past has serious impact. The colonial and imperialistic policy not only in itself became one of the reasons of migrations from the Muslim East to the West European countries in the second half of the XX century, but also in many respects defined ethnic structure of Muslims in these countries, the attitude towards Muslims of the European majority and, on the contrary, own positioning of Muslim immigrants, and also a choice of strategy of integration policy in relation to immigrants.

Data on number of the Muslims living currently in EU countries quite strongly disperse. Usually the number of Muslim immigrants in all EU countries is estimated approximately at 15 million people. Such data are provided by most of the western researchers. However the real figure is much higher if to consider the illegal immigrants studying higher education institutions and other categories of the persons which are not registered for one reason or another. It is necessary to add to figure of 15 million also Muslim neophytes, i.e. ethnic Europeans who accepted Islam, and such cases are frequent. Actually today in the states of the EU lives, most likely, not less than 20 million people practicing Islam.

The indisputable leader in number of the Muslim population in the EU is France - about 4-4, 5 million Muslims. In Germany, by different estimates, lives from 3,2 to 3,5 million persons of Muslim religion, in Great Britain - not less than 3 million. In the Netherlands where the number of illegal immigrants is quite great, the number of Muslims hesitates at the level of 700-800 thousand. Further Italy - about 600-700 thousand Muslims follows. In Belgium today about 350-400 thousand Muslims. In Austria and Spain compactly lives 300 thousand Muslims, in Sweden - about 250 thousand, in Portugal - about 150 thousand, in Denmark - not less than 120 thousand, in Ireland and Finland - about 40-50 thousand in everyone. In Greece there is historically developed Muslim community which is made by Muslims of the Western Thrace - about 120 thousand, and in the late eighties and the beginning of the 1990th years also labor immigration from Pakistan and especially Albania began. Actually the Muslim immigrants in Greece who received "the white card" - permission to temporary job - make about 260 thousand people. Besides, the Muslim communities are in other European countries: in Norway (nearly 70 thousand), in Switzerland (to 350 thousand), in Poland (not less than 70 thousand).

"The distribution area" of Muslims in Europe, thus, reached the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Thus, as it was already noted, immigration to Northern Europe began recently and happens at the real stage rather actively.