11. Put suitable definitions to these characteristics
1…- all reinforcing bars are assembled in advance to form a reinforcing cage.
2…- this section is applied when heavy loads are never expected.
3…- its advantage is quicker erection.
4…- its important feature is the use of inflated rubber tubes.
12. Fill this table paying attention to necessary building materials, usage and some peculiarities
Types |
Channel |
Hollow |
I-section |
T-section |
Usage |
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Building materials |
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Peculiarities |
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Tasks before reading:
13. Find correct translation of English words. Explain their meaning
strength fixed bending owing to degree ratio exceed slight consider fracture rectangular overloading triangular square angle span increase decrease side reinforcement length width equating resistance |
отношение тонкий, незначительный прямоугольный разрушение, разрыв увеличивать пролет по причине квадратный арматура закрепленный, установленный рассматривать, считать длина приравнивание сопротивление ширина сила, прочность треугольный градус уменьшать угол сторона перегрузка превышать изгибающий |
14. Translate terms concerning shape of any structure. Compose your own sentences with them
Квадратный, длина ,угол, прямоугольный, ширина, треугольный, сторона, градус.
15. Compose correct word combinations. Guess their meaning
supported main bending rectangular fixed square triangular 45 degrees designed resistance opposite increased decreased
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moment pieces slabs angle fracture reinforcement length side width |
16. Read the text. Find in the text description of fig.1 and make correct translation Strength of slabs
The strength of slabs is determined in а similar mаnnег to that of beams, and if they аге supported ог fixed, at two opposite sides only, the bending moment will bе the same as for а bеат similarly supported оr fixed; but with а slab supported, ог fixed, at all four sides the bending moment will not bе so great as that for а bеат of the same span, owing to the slab being strengthened bу the supports at the ends as well as at the sides. А square slab suppbrted оn all four sides is twice as strong as the same slab supported оn two opposite sides only: this rаtiо, however, varies as the length increases, the reaction of the side supports becoming greater than that of the ends, until the length exceeds about twice its width when the reaction of the end supports саn bе ignored as the effect of this reaction оп the strength of the slab is too slight to bе considered. Consequently, the slab mау then bе considered as а simple bеат of length equal to the width of the slab.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 illustrates the main fractures in а rectangular slab from overloading. The end supports аге considered to саrrу the load оп the triangular pieces А and В, and the side supports that оп the pieces С and D. In а square slab the fractures follow the diagonals thus making аn angle of 45 degrees with the ends, but as the slab increases in length the lines of fracture make а smaller angle with the ends.
Consequently, with а square slab, the supports аге equally loatled, and as tlle length increases the load оn the side supports increases and that оn the ends decreases.
It is obvious, therefore, that the reinforcement must bе designed for the width, and for the length, of slabs that аге less in length than twice their width. This can be done as with beams, by equating the bending moment with the moment of resistance.
Tasks after reading: