24. Fill this table due to points of the topic Sanitary engineering

Panel Heating	Air conditioning, Ventilation, Gas supply	Water supply

To provide a required atmospheric environment within a space; to evaporate into atmosphere; to imply the control of temperature, humidity, purity and motion of the air in an enclosure; vast depressions; to produce a desired temperature for maintaining comfort, health or efficiency ; to provide a splendid source of water supply ; to provide means for performing all the processors required air conditioning; to prevent loss of heat; for domestic and sanitary purposes ; sewage disposal system; control of air purity in various degrees ; the transmission of energy; conduction and convection ; to require cooling and dehumidifying; central industrial process requirements and human comfort; boilers and a system of pipes connected to radiators; to undergo a preliminary treatment to assure purity; to carry away excess heat and odors; leakage of air; to circulate through distribution units embedded in the building construction; to disseminate from panels; a clean, convenient, economical source of heat.

25. Using information from the texts and this table compose a dialogue “Service engineers “ for three persons. Discuss process of equipment of any new-built structure with all modern conveniences

26. Make a written report about one of the type of Sanitary Engineering describing step-by-step arrangement of your project with this convenience

27. Listen to the text and fulfill these tasks

Heat transfer Heat loss Heat gain Heat retention

is

directly inversely

proportional to

Air temperature gradient. thickness of insulation. surface area. volume.

The higher the ratio between surface area and volume, The lower the ratio between surface area and volume, The smaller the size of the building, The larger the size of the building, The thicker the insulation of a building, The more compact the shape of a building, The less compact the shape of a building,

The more quickly it gains or loses heat. The more it retains heat The faster the rate of heat transfer, The less it retains heat The more slowly it gains or loses heat The slower the rate of heat transfer

Grammar The Infinitive

	Active	Passive
Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous	to write to be writing to have written to have been writing	to be written - to have been written -

Неличная форма глагола, обозначающая действие или состояние, но не указывающая ни действующего лица, ни числа, ни наклонения, называются инфинитивом. Инфинитив отвечает на вопросы: что делать? Что сделать? – to read - читать, прочитать,to walk - гулять, погулять.

Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, которая самостоятельного значения не имеет и иногда опускается.

Инфинитив, как и другие неличные формы, обладает глагольными и именными свойствами.

Глагольные свойства инфинитива

1. Инфинитив переходного глагола может иметь прямое дополнение:

Father likes to read the newspapers Папа любит читать газеты

in the morning по утрам.

I must write a letter to my mother Я должна написать письмо маме.

2. Инфинитив может определяться обстоятельством:

The boy likes to run quickly. Мальчик любит быстро бегать.

3. Инфинитив имеет формы залога, а также и формы времени, в отличие от русского языка.

Переходные глаголы имеют четыре формы инфинитива в действительном залоге (Active Voice) и две формы в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice).

Наиболее употребительными являются формы Indefinite Infinitive и Perfect Infinitive в Active и passive Voice.

1. Форма Indefinite Infinitive Active состоит из основы глагола + частица to (to ask, to walk).

2. Форма Indefinite Infinitive Passive образуется при помощи инфинитива вспомогательного глагола to be и формы причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (Participle II): to be asked, to be walked.

3. Форма Continuous Infinitive Active образуется при помощи инфинитива вспомогательного глагола to be и формы причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола (Participle I) to be asking, to be walking.

4. Форма Perfect Infinitive Active образуется при помощи инфинитива вспомогательного глагола to have и причастия II смыслового глагола: to have asked, to have walked.

5. Форма Perfect Infinitive Passive образуется при помощи Perfect Infinitive вспомогательного глагола to be и причастия II смыслового глагола: to have been asked, to have been invited.

They were delighted to have been Они были в восторге, что их

invited to tea. пригласили на чай.

6. форма Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active образуется при помощи Perfect Infinitive вспомогательного глагола to be- to have been и формы Participle I смыслового глагола: to have been asking.

7. Отрицательная частица not во всех формах ставится перед инфинитивом: not to ask, not to be asked, not to be asking, not to have asked…

He was glad not to have been Он был рад, что ему не отказали

refused this job в этой работе.

I’ve told you a hundred times not Я говорил тебе сто раз не просить

to ask me for money. у меня денег.

Exercise 1. Read and translate these sentences. Define the functions of the Infinitives:

1. To know Russian literature is to know Pushkin, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Gorky.

2. I'm happy to have met him.

3. The best way to learn about a country is to read a lot.

4. This is for Mr. Garret to decide.

5. It won't be too difficult for you to encourage him.

6. I understood you to have changed your mind.

7. I regret to say he thinks too much of him.

8. I'd like you to join us.

Exercise 2. Translate into English using the Infinitive:

1. Знать страну означает знать историю народа этой страны.

2. Потребуется очень много времени, чтобы решить эту проблему.

3. Он поехал в аэропорт, чтобы встретить своего друга.

4. Ему не нужно идти туда.

5. Действительно, знать его значит любить его.

6. Самое важное - это много читать.

Exercise 3. Transform these sentences according to the models and translate them:

Model: I'm glad I've told you about that. - I'm glad to have told you about that.

The text is too long. It can't be translated today. - The text's too long to be translated today.

1. The theatre is too small. It can't seat more than 200 people.

2. I'm glad I've lent him the book.

3. The text's too difficult. It can't be translated without your help.

4. The novel is too difficult. It can't be read by first-year student.

5. He is happy he's apologized her.

6. The work is too difficult. It can't finished without your help.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. To go on with discussion is to waste time.

2. Oh, I'm sorry to have taken so much of your time.

3. They waited in silence for their dinner to be served.

4. You're a bachelor with no family to take care of. You have only yourself to please. - So far you are right, but don't imagine it's an easy task to perform. - I don't see what you mean. - I mean I'm a person hard to please.

5. They were lucky to have been taught by such a good teacher.

6. I didn't come here to be shouted at.

7. He was the first to raise the question.

8. Look back to make sure you haven't left anything behind.

Exercise 5. Put in the Infinitive

1. I ought to (work) right now.

2. Your watch will (repair) by Tuesday.

3. I’d like (go) home early today.

4. I’d like (see) her face when she opened the letter.

5. She must have (have) a shower-I can hear the water raining.

6. It’s important (listen) to people.

7. She hopes (choose) for the national team.

8. Try (not be) back late.

9. You should (tell) me you were ill.

10. He doesn’t like (interrupt) while he is working.

Exercise 6. Change into Infinitive

E.g. The boy had many toys which he could play with.

The boy had many toys to play with.

1.Here is something which will warm you up. 2. Here is a new brush which you will clean your teeth with. 3. Here are some more facts which will you prove that your theory is correct. 4. Here is something which you can rub on your hands. It will soften them.5. Here are some screws with which you can fasten the shelves to the wall. 6. Here are some tables which will relieve your headache. 7. Here are some articles which must be translated for tomorrow. 8. Who has a pen or a pencil to spare? I need something I could write with. 9. I have brought you a book which you can read now, but be sure and return it by Sunday. 10. Soon we found that there was another complicated problem that we were to consider. 11. The girl was quite young when both her parents died and she remained alone with two younger brothers whom she had to take care of. 12. I have no books which I can read. 13. Is there anybody who will help you with your spelling? 14. Don’t forget that she has a baby which she must take care of. 15. Have you got nothing that you want to say on this subject? 16. There was nothing that he could do expect go home. 17. I have only a few minutes in which I can explain these words to you. 18. I have an examination which I must take soon, so I can’t go to the theatre with you. 19. King Lear decided to have a hundred knights who would serve him after he had divided up his kingdom.

Exercise 7. Translate into Russian paying attention to Active Infinitive, Passive Infinitive

1.To play chess was his greatest pleasure. 2. The child didn’t like to be washed. 3. Isn’t it nature that we like to be praised and don’t like to be scolded? 4. Which is more pleasant: to give or to be given presents? 5. Nature has many secrets to be discovered yet. 6. To improve your pronunciation you should record yourself and analyze your speech. 7. This is the book to be read during the summer holidays. 8. To be instructed by such a good specialist was a great advantage. 9. He is very forgetful, but he doesn’t like to be reminded of his duties.

Exercise 8. Translate into Russian paying attention to Perfect Infinitive

1. The child was happy to have been brought home. 2. Jane remembered to have been told a lot about Mr. Rochester. 3. The children were to have been brought to the circus. 4. I am sorry to have spoilt your mood. 5. Maggie was very sorry to have forgotten to feed the rabbits. 6. I’m awfully glad to have met you. 7. Sorry to have placed you in this disagreeable situation. 8. I m very happy to have had the pleasure of making your acquaintance. 9. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 10. Clyde was awfully glad to have renewed his acquaintance with Sondra. 11. Sorry not to have noticed you. 12. I’m sorry to have added some more trouble by what I have told you. 13. When Clyde looked at the girl closely, he remembered to have seen her in Sondra company. 14. I remembered to have been moved by the scene I witnessed.