Test 8

1. Consider the following questions and items in written form:

1. Why are the occlusive plosive consonants called ‘stops’?

2. Define the stops according to the place of articulation.

3. How are stops divided according to the work of the vocal cords and the force of articulation? What are the voiced counterparts of [p, t, k]?

4. How are [b, d, g| pronounced in word final position? How would a Russian student probably pronounce them? Are the mistakes phonetic or phonological?

5. What is aspiration? Are Russian stops aspirated? Suppose a student of English makes [p, t, k] non-aspirated. Keeping in mind what you know about aspiration what would you tell him to do in order to correct the error?

6. How do the voiced and voiceless stops influence the length of preceding vowels?

7. What is palatalization? Why does this mistake occur in the pronunciation of Russian learners of English? In what cases may it occur? What advice regarding palatalization would you give a fellow-student who makes such errors in pronunciation?

8. What articulation exercises would you recommend for the stops [p, b, t, d, k, g] regarding their plosive articulation?

9. Suppose a fellow-student pronounces the Russian [т] instead of the English [t]. Is the mistake phonetic or phonological? Keeping in mind what you know about the English [t] tell him how to change the articulation.

10. What is the difference between the two consonant [b] in the word bob?

11. If a student of English substitutes the English [d] by the Russian [д], does he make a phonetic or a phonological mistake? Can you correct it?

12. What do the consonants [p, t, k] have in common?

13. Think of word pairs illustrating the pronunciation of the final voiceless (voiced) stops.

14. What articulatory features of the opposed consonants make the meaning of the following words different? rip — rib, tear—dear, pick — pig, park — bark, seat - sead, card — guard.

15. Suppose your fellow-student pronounces the Russian [т] instead of the English [t]. Why can we call this mistake phonetic?

Practical grammar Test 1

1 Choose the right variant.

1________ beforehand, we__________the catastrophe.

1. did we know, would prevent

2. would we know, had prevented

3. had we known, would have prevented

4. d) should we know, had prevented

2. If Sue _______me that the children were coming on Friday I ______A Christmas Tree by their arrival.

1. phones, would decorate

2. will phone, had decorated

3. had phoned, would decorate

4. had phoned, would have decorated

3.The mouse has run away! If your cat_______so lazy he_________it.

a) wouldn't be, had lost

b) were not, would not have lost

c) was not, wouldn't lose

d) isn't, will not lose

4. If I __________ how old she was I ___________she was no more than twenty five. But she is about forty, really!

1. told, have thought

2. b) were told, would tell

3. will tell, would have told

4. had not been told, would have thought

5. My father _______ angry if he _________-that I failed my exam.

1. would be, had known

2. were, would know

3. had been, were to know

4. would be, knew

6. If it ___________almost every day we ___________pur holidays here Sightseeing is wonderful and there is a lot of entertainment

.

a) had not been raining, would enjoy

2. were not raining, would be

3. didn't rain, would have enjoyed

4. isn't raining, will be enjoying

7. If it __________for his advice we ________-with the task. He has helped us greatly.

1. were not, did not cope

b) had not been, would not cope

3. c) is not, will not cope

d) had not been, would not have coped

- 8. We ________round the town if we ________map with us. I'm terribly tired and hungry.

1. would not wonder, took

2. will not wonder, had taken

3. did not wonder, would take

4. wouldn't be wondering, had taken

9. The train has just started. If you _______such a slowcoach we _______ it.

a) would not be, had not missed

2. were not, would not have missed

3. did not be, would not miss

4. were not, would not miss

10. If Tim _______so busy at work he _________ more time with his children.

a) had not been, would spend

b) were not, would have spent

c) were not, would spend

d) isn't, will have spent