Interaction of primary and derivative logical meaning: zeugma and pun

Zeugma is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context, the semantic relations being literal and transferred: Have a Coke and a smile!

Pun has a humorous effect which may be based on misinterpretation of the speaker’s utterance by the other or by the result of the speaker’s intended violation of the listener’s expectation: “Good morning”, said Bilbo, and he meant it. The sun was shining and the grass was very green

Interaction of logical and emotive meanings: epithets (semantic and structural classification)

Interjections are words which we use to express our feelings strongly and which exist in language in the form of conventional symbols of human emotions.

Types: Derivative interjections retain some degree of logical meaning suppressed by emotive one. Hush! Alas! Gosh! Primary interjections. Oh! Ah! Wow! Exclamatory words – words that don’t lose their logical meaning and thus function as interjections. Heavens! Look out!

Epithet is a stylistic device based on the interplay of emotive and logical meanings in an attributive word, emotionally colored attitude of the speaker to the object he describes.

Two classifications, based on

semantics 1. heart-burning 2. careful attention

structure 1. simple. 2. 2 words 3. sentence 4. phrase

Interaction of logical and nominal meanings: antonomasia, oxymoron.

Logical meaning – to denote concepts and thus classify individual objects into groups;

Nominal meaning - to single out of the group of similar objects one particular object.

Antonomasia is a stylistic device based on the interplay between the logical and nominal meanings of a word realized simultaneously.

type: I am tired of explaining each Mary the reason for my divorce.

Type: Mr. Snake (purpose to point important trait of the person)

Type: common noun serves as individual name: Mr. Evil.

Oxymoron is a combination of 2 words in which the meanings of the 2 clash, being opposite in sense: terribly beautiful.

Intensification of a certain feature of a thing or phenomenon: simile, hyperbole.

simile : Different class belonging

Almost all objects properties are excluded

Purpose – to stress, underline

Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a feature essential to the object or phenomenon. (understatement – it is directed the opposite way)

Types:

1. Traditional: “a thousand pardons'; 'scared to death, 'immensely obliged‘; 'I'd give the world to see him.‘

2. Genuine: "He was so tall that I was not sure he had a face."

Intensification of a certain feature of a thing or phenomenon: periphrasis, euphemism. Periphrasis - the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression.

Functions and Characteristics:

cognitive function

nominative (in part)

perceived within a context

Euphemism is a word or phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expression by a conventionally more acceptable one.

Origin - from Greek—eu = well + -pheme = speaking

Classification:

1. Religious

2. Moral

3. Medical

4. Parliamentary

8. Classification of syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices. Compositional patterns of syntactical arrangement; Particular ways of combining parts of the utterance (asyndeton, polysyndeton); Particular use of colloquial constructions (ellipsis, break-in-the- narrative).

detached construction, - stylistic device based on singling out a secondary member of the sentence with the help of punctuation (intonation)

"He had been nearly killed, ingloriously, in a jeep accident."

P.C. is based on identical, or similar, syntactical structure in two or more sentences or parts of a sentence in close succession.

Types:

Partial parallel construction

Complete parallel construction

Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction) is based on the repetition of a syntactical pattern, but it has a cross order of words and phrases.

“Mr. Boffin looked full at the man, and the man looked full at Mr. Boffin”

Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices. Classification. Suspense, Climax, Anticlimax, Antithesis

Suspense is arranging the matter of a communication in such a way that the less important, subordinate parts are amassed at the beginning, the main idea being withheld till the end of the sentence.(начало и конец содержат один и тот же смысл, а срединная часть как бы уточняет)

"Mankind, says a Chinese manuscript, which my friend M. was obliging enough to read and explain to me, for the first seventy thousand ages ate their meat raw."

(Gradation) is an arrangement of sentences which secures a gradual increase in significance, importance, or emotional tension in the utterance.

Types:

Logical – relative importance of the component parts with regard to the concepts embodied (objective and subjective)

Emotional –relative emotional tension produced by words with emotive meaning

Quantitative – increase in volume

Antithesis is based on relative opposition which arises out of the context through the expansion of objectively contrasting pairs.