- •Теория перевода
- •Impossibility of having constant interpretations
- •Impossibility to determine audience response to the source text when it was first produced.
- •2.Transposition/Recategorization/
- •In consecutive interpretation the interpretation follows the source utterance, whereas simultaneous interpretation is performed simultaneously with the original speech.
- •Стилистика
- •The varieties of the English language. Тhe peculiarities of the spoken and the written varieties.
- •Neutral words
- •Common standard literary words
- •The notion of style in stylistics. The theory of functional styles. Functional style classification.
- •4.Functional style classification. Functional style characteristics. Scientific style: substyles, common and peculiar features.
- •Expressive means and stylistic devices as basic concepts of stylistics.
- •Stylistics. It’s subject, object and branches.
- •Interaction of primary and derivative logical meaning: zeugma and pun
- •Interaction of logical and emotive meanings: epithets (semantic and structural classification)
- •Interaction of logical and nominal meanings: antonomasia, oxymoron.
- •Intensification of a certain feature of a thing or phenomenon: simile, hyperbole.
- •Теоретическая грамматика
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •The morpheme – the lowest meaningful unit (teach – teacher);
- •The word - the main naming (nominative) unit of language.
Теория перевода
Explain the causes of ambiguity of translation equivalents.
The relation of language to the extralinguistic world involves three basic sets of elements language signs, mental concepts and parts of extralinguistic world
The language sign is a sequence of sounds (in spoken language) or symbols (in written language) which is associated with a single concept in the minds of speakers of that or another language.
- some type of associations in a mental concept level
- grammar of other language – some images and associations(connected with particular and extralingustic world)
Mental concept consist of extralinguistic – lexical meaning, connotation, annotation, and system language – grammatical meaning
The signs of language are associated with particular mental concepts only in the minds of the speakers of this language (connected with native speaker)
Reasons why exact equivalence is problematic:
impossibility of having constant interpretations
translation is a matter of subjective interpretation( предмет субъективного толкования
impossibility to determine audience response to the source text when it was first produced.
Basic translation theories: equivalence-based theory and Skopos theory (main principles).
Eequivalence-based theory.
Equivalence Approach Pros and Bases
source text – starting point for the whole process;
source text – required for translation, otherwise we would be writers;
Obligatory bond or link of some sort between the source and target texts.
Equivalent means equal in value, amount, and volume and etc.
A=C, B=C, A=B – equivalence
Skopos theory.
The purpose of the target text is the most important in determining the way we should translate texts
A text is written for specific purpose and it is translated for the specific purpose. It is this purpose which is known as the Skopos. Translation process is determined by the Skopos of the TT as specified by the commissioner and the translator. Text – an offer of information from which a number of translation can be produced
“Correct” translation depends on:
who is going to read it
how they are going to use it
the way in which the text will be distributed
If source text can give rise to any number of translations, how is the translator to know which one is the most appropriate one?
Translation Brief
is to clearly define what the translation is to be used for and who will use it
Сomponents:
Information about the target audience
Intended purpose of the text
And any stylistic or terminological requirements
Outline the notion of translation equivalence. What is the main problem of equivalence? Specify main approaches to distinguishing the types of equivalence.
Translation equivalence is the key idea of translation. Equivalence means that if a word or word combination of one language (A) corresponds to certain concept (C) and a word or word combination of another language (B) corresponds to the same concept (C) these words or word combinations are considered equivalent.
Reasons why exact equivalence is problematic: