10. Письменно ответьте на вопросы 1-4.

1. What economics first considered to be?

2. A branch of what discipline did economics become in the Middle ages?

3. What changes had happened by the beginning of the 18th century?

4. When did economics, according to the text, become «an independent science»?

5. In what «age» did Adam Smith live?

6. What was Smith’s point of view on the role of government in economics?

7. Why does the author refer to Smith’s work as a «political tract»?

8. What was Smith’s «great accomplishment»?

9. What, according to the author, gave the book «lasting significance»?

10. What was Smith’s vision of «society», «each person», «economic system»?

Вариант №2

1. Напишите предложения, заменив модальные глаголы – can, may, must на их эквиваленты в прошедшем времени. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. You may take my dictionary for a while.

2. My brother must stay at home.

3. This student can translate this article.

2. Раскройте скобки и напишите соответствующую форму прилагательного, подчеркните прилагательное. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Summer is (hot) than spring.

2. She is the (good) student in our group.

3. January is the (cold) month of the year.

4. This picture is the (beautiful) in this collection.

5. Moscow is (large) than Tula.

3. Напишите глаголы – сказуемые в Present, Past или Future Progressive Tense, обращая внимание на указатели времени, подчеркните глаголы. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Helen (to speak) over the telephone when her boss came in.

2. Peter (to look) for a job now.

3. The students (to prepare) for their exams tomorrow from 10A.M. to 4 P.M.

4. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present, Past или Future Perfect Tense, обращая внимание на указатели времени. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The new bus-driver had an accident after he (to drive) a few yards.

2. Jack tells his father that he (to lose) his notebook.

3. They will (to pass) their exams by the end of the month.

5. Выберите предложения в страдательном залоге(Passive Voice) и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните глаголы.

1. The documents are prepared by the secretary.

2. Is he working now?

3. He studies French at school.

4. The text was translated by the students.

5. The film was much spoken about.

6. They spoke much about the film.

6. Раскройте скобки и напишите глаголы - сказуемые в соответствующей форме, соблюдая правила согласования времен, подчеркните глаголы. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She said she (not to read) the book yet.

2. I know he (to live) in Moscow two year ago.

3. When I entered the room she (to lay) the table.

4. He could not understand why the people (not to want) to take water from that well.

5. I suppose they (to send) a dog after the burglar immediately.

7. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle I и Participle II.

1. A letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow.

2. He saw some people in the post - office-sending telegrams.

8. Выберите из скобок подходящую форму причастия, подчеркните причастие.

1. It was not easy to find the (losing, lost) stamp.

2. Do you know the girl (playing, played) in the garden?

3. I shall show you a picture (painting, painted) by Hogarth.

9. Письменно переведите на русский язык первый абзац текста.

ECONOMICS AS A SCIECE

Although the content and character of economics cannot be described briefly, numerous writers have attempted that. An especially useless, though once popular, example is: «Economics is what economists do». Similarly, a notable economist of the last century Alfred Marshall called economics «a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life». Lionel Robbins in the 1930s described economics as «the science of choice among scarce means to accomplish unlimited ends». During much of modern history, especially in the nineteenth century, economics was called simply «the science of wealth». Less seriously, George Bernard Shaw was credited in the early 1900s with the witticism that «economics is the science whose practitioners, even if all were laid end to end, would not reach agreement. «We may make better progress by comparing economics with other subjects».

Like every other discipline that attempts to explain observed facts (e. g., physics, astronomy, meteorology), economics comprises a vast collection of descriptive material organized around a central core of theoretical principles. The manner in which theoretical principles are formulated and used in applications varies greatly from one science to another. Like psychology, economics draws much of its theoretical core from intuition, casual observation, and «common knowledge about human nature». Like astronomy, economics is largely non-experimental. Like meteorology, economics is relatively inexact, as is weather forecasting. Like particle physics and molecular biology, economics deals with an array of closely interrelated phenomena (as do sociology and social psychology). Like such disciplines as art, fantasy writing, mathematics, metaphysics, cosmology, and the like, economics attracts different people for different reasons: «One person's meat is another person's poison». Though all disciplines differ, all are remarkably similar in one respect: all are meant to convey an interesting, persuasive, and intellectually satisfying story about selected aspects of experience. As Einstein once put it: «Science is the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our sense-experience correspond to a logically uniform system of thought».

Economics deals with data on income, employment, expenditure, interest rates, prices and individual activities of production, consumption, transportation, and trade. Economics deal directly with only a tiny fraction of the whole spectrum of human behavior, and so the range of problems considered by economists is relatively narrow. Contrary to popular opinion, economics does not normally include such things as personal finance, ways to start a small business, etc; in relation to everyday life, the economist is more like an astronomer than a weather forecaster, more like a physical chemist than a pharmacist, more like a professor of hydrodynamics than a plumber.

In principle almost any conceivable problem, from marriage, suicide, capital punishment, and religious observance to tooth brushing, drug abuse, extramarital affairs, and mall shopping, might serve (and, in the case of each of these examples has served) as an object for some economist's attention. There is, after all, no clear division between «economic» and «no economic» phenomena. In practice, however, economists have generally found it expedient to leave the physical and life sciences to those groups that first claimed them, though not always. In recent years economists have invaded territory once claimed exclusively by political scientists and sociologists, not to mention territories claimed by physical anthropologists, experimental psychologists, and paleontologists.

WORDS

numerous – многочисленный

to attempt – попытаться

notable – примечательный

scarce – скудный, ограниченный

witticism – острота, шутка

practitioner – терапевт

to comprise – включать в себя

vast – обширный, громадный

core – ядро

casual observation – зд. повседневные наблюдения

weather forecasting – прогноз погоды

array – массив, множество, масса

closely interrelated – тесно взаимосвязанные

employment – занятость

expenditure – затраты, расходы

interest rate – процентная ставка

range – ряд

pharmacist – фармацевт

phenomena – явления

conceivable – мыслимый, вероятностный, возможный

expedient – целесообразный, соответствующий

to claim – переписывать себе, претендовать

to invade – вторгаться

to convey – передавать

income – доход

plumber – водопроводчик