Vocabulary notes

to enable (one) to do smth дати змогу зробити щось

to get acquainted познайомитися

habit, n звичка

easy, adj легкий

to feel at ease почувати себе невимушено

widespread, adj поширений

under the rule під пануванням

all over the world по всьому світі

fascinating, adj захоплюючий, чарівний

to put down (a word) записувати (слово у словник)

happen, v траплятися

heap, n купа, велика кількість

as for me щодо мене

attentive, adj уважний

to look for (smth) шукати

to look up a word

in the dictionary шукати слово у словнику

define, v визначати

imagine, v уявляти

spot, n пляма

to establish ties встановлювати зв’язки

neighbour, n сусід

ensure, v забезпечувати

advise, v радити

a piece of advice порада

guess, v здогадуватися

to be mistaken помилятися

complicated, adj ускладнений

consume, v споживати

time-consuming те, що забирає багато часу

LEXICAL EXERCISES

I. Translate the sentences paying attention to the active vocabulary of the lesson.

1. Knowledge of foreign languages enables us to communicate with our colleagues from abroad. 2. I am not acquainted with this young girl. Will you introduce me to her?. 3. Mary wasn't dressed properly, that's why she didn't feel at case at the party. 4. In the 19th century many African countries were under the British rule. 5. People all over the world speak Eng-lish. 6. When Alex returned from his expedition, he told fascinating stories about it. 7. Peter likes to read historical novels, but as for me, I prefer to read detective stories. 8. When I read an English text and find many new words in it, I either look them up in the dictionary, or guess their meaning from the context. 9. When I am mistaken, I am not afraid to confess of it. 10. This new method is not so time- and effort-consuming as the old one.

II. Translate these international words. Have all of them the same meaning in the Ukrainian and English languages? Define, to what part of speech they belong.

chance, communicate, colleagues, origin, original, mix, really, international, official, practically, million, regularly, material, consult, analyse, structure, procedure, oppose, effective.

III. In group A find synonyms to the words from group B:

A: 1. to consult 2. to happen 3. vocabulary 4. all over 5. really 6. different 7. country 8. especially 9. to communicate 10. to enable 11. language 12. clear 13. to study 14. to oppose 15. pause 16. complicated 17. to consume 18. to be mistaken 19. fascinating

B: 1. learn 2. clear 3. language 4. t o make possible 5. to contact 6. in particular

8. land 9. various 10. throughout 11. dictionary 12. to turn out 13. to turn to help 14. to be wrong 15. difficult 16. stop 17. to contradict 18. enjoyable 19. to use up to the end

IV. In group C find antonyms to the words in group D:

C: 1. glad 2, good 3. different 4. easy 5. official 6. fascinating 7. regularly 8. new 9. spotted 10. mistaken 11. complicated 12. practical

D: 1. old 2. spontaneously 3. dull 4. private 5. difficult 6. the same 7. bad 8. sorry 9. theoretical 10. right 11. simple 12. clean

V. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What does the word language mean? 2. In what countries is English an official language? 4. What are the advantages of knowing foreign languages? 5. Why is English spoken practically all over the world? 5. Do you always need to look up the new words in the dictionary? 6. What is the practical advice for activ-ization of the new English words? 7. What kind of English texts do you like to read? 8. How do you guess the meaning of the spotted word in the Ukrainian sentence? 9. Which way of learn-ing new words do you prefer; a) to look up the new words in the dictionary; b) to guess the meaning of the unknown word from the context? 10. Which of these two ways of learning English words is more effective? Why?

VI. Solve this crossword. Some of the words are from the active vocab-ulary of the text, others are not. Letter(s) - points out that the noun is used in the singular form.

Across: 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18;

Down: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11

Across: 1. I don't know what has (4) to him. 2. You write with it (6). 3. We study (7) languages. 4. I can (9) you on how to study English or any foreign language you like. 5. Ukraine is an independent (11). 6. Farmers gathered rich (12) in autumn. 7. To make soft is to (13). 8. An irregular verb beginning in letter m (14). 9. (15) is your speciality. 10. It has poison, and if it bites you, you may even die (16). 11. There are many dark (17) on the Sun and on the Moon.

Down: 1. To give the definition of something (1). 2. A spirit of a dead person appearing to somebody (2). 3. Protection, re-sponsibility for somebody or something, e.g.: Who takes (3) of your child when you go out? 4. Animal, etc., treated with care and affection, e.g.: A cat is a domestic (5). 5. Please, give me a (6) of chalk. 6. If the weather is (7), I go out for a walk. 7. Our students study either English or (8) at the University. 8. A jar-gon word for «policeman» (11).

				1	2	3
					4		5	6
			7						8
	9				10
	11							12
13									14
	15						16
			17

CONVERSATION PRACTICE

Read and translate the following dialogue. What is it about? Make up your own dialogues using it as a pattern.

- Hi, Peter, haven't seen you for ages. How are you getting on with your English?

- Thanks, pretty well and you?

- Well, on the whole I am rather good at English, I can read and translate the texts in the textbook, it's not difficult for me to do grammar and lexical exercises. But when it comes to supplementary reading, I experience great difficulties.

- Really? Then, what sort of difficulties are these?

- You see, I am at a loss with great heap of new words I meet in the texts. It's rather difficult and dull to look up all the new words in the dictionary.

— And with me the situation is not so dreadful. I am not afraid of all the new words I meet in the texts. I try to guess their meaning from the context, if it is possible. - I wonder, how you manage to do it.

— Oh, the procedure is quite simple, and I'll give you a piece of useful advice. First, you should see, if there are any international words in the text. Then, you should analyse the context, both linguistic and extralinguistic.

— Stop! That's enough for me. You say that the procedure is simple, and at the same time you operate with such catego-ries, as linguistic and extralinguistic context.

— Don't be afraid of these words, linguistic and extralin-guistic. If you like, I can explain it in simpler terms. You should analyse, in what connections is the unknown word with other words in the sentence.

— But why should I do it?

— Because in this way you will be able to derive the mean-ing of the unknown word.

— Oh, I think that now I begin to understand.

— I am glad that you do.

— Bye-bye, then. I'm hurrying home to check your theory on practice.

— Bye-bye! And don't forget to ring me up, if there are any problems.

— I will!

___________________________

Haven't seen you for ages Давно тебе не бачив

How are you getting on? Як справи?

on the whole у цілому, взагалі

supplementary reading додаткове читання

to experience difficulties зазнавати труднощів

you see розумієш

to be at a loss бути розгубленим

dreadful жахливий

I wonder мені цікаво

to man age to do smth вдаватися щось зробити

a piece of advice порада

That's enough for me! З мене досить!

in simpler terms простіше

to derive виводити (значення слова)

I will! Добре!

Section 3

Text 2. BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

Key terms: branch of physics, matter, motion, energy, quantitative science, measurement, elementary level, mechanics heat, sound, optics, electricity, magnetism, nuclear physics, modern physics, concept, atom, high velocity, tool

Physics is fundamentally science of matter, Motion and energy. It is a quantitative science and as such, relies upon Measurements, direct and indirect, in an attempt to draw con-clusions and support logical thinking and observations,

Physics is generally divided into a number of branches. At an elementary level these are mechanics, heat, sound, optics, electricity and magnetism. As we go deeper into the structure of matter, we have to introduce new divisions But it must be remembered that there is a unity in nature and these divisions are man-made for his own convenience.

Although physics is an exact science it is also an activity exercising imagination. As we progress from mechanics to nu- clear physics, it becomes more and more difficult to understand it. The deeper we go into the structure of matter, the more we have to use our imagination. Our ideas, however, are coloured by our experience in mechanics which has supplied us with the most fundamental concepts. Perhaps the most important is en-ergy as it is the Loocern of every physicist whatever his field may be.

Without the development of classical physics there would be no modern physics, for many of the concepts, such as atom, high velocity, etc. are extensions of the classical concept which operate only at «normal» velocity. The physics which we study also deals with radiation, atomic and nuclear structure.

Physics requires tools of every kind. As with nearly all ac-tivities of human beings, the key tool of physicist is his mind. Besides, his own eyes, ears and hands are very important in deed. Next, he needs language to make clear to himself and to - others what he thinks and has done. But, of course, the most important tool of physics is mathematics.

Vocabulary notes

quantity, n кількість

rely, n покладатися

(on) measure, n вимірювати

attempt, n спроба

introduce, v вводити, вставляти

to draw conclusions зробити висновки

convenience, n вигода, зручність

although, conj хоча

exact, adj точний

concern, n турбота, справа

whatever his field

may be require, v якою, галуззю він не займався

tool, n вимагати

velosity, n знаряддя, засіб

experience, n швидкість

TASKS

I. Read these international words and translate them: ,

funda'mental, 'matter, 'motion, 'energy, di'rect (adj, v), obser'vation, 'general, di'vide, ,ele'mentary, me'chanics, 'optics, ,elect'ricity, 'magnetism, 'structure, intro'duce, 'nature, 'human, ac'tivity, progress (n, v), 'concept, ve'locity, radi'ation, 'atom, 'nucleus

II. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What does physics study? 2. Why does physics rely upon measurements? 3. What branches of physics are there at an elementary level? 4. When are new division introduced into physics? 5. At what level of studying physics is our imagination necessary? 6. Which branch of physics has the greatest influ-ence on our ideas? 7. Most fundamental concepts of physics are taken from nuclear physics, aren't they? 8. What is the most fundamental concept of physics? Why? 9. What is the key tool of physics? 10. Why is the knowledge of 'languages so important to physicists?

ROLE-PLAYING

1. Imagine that you are a teacher of physics at an English school. The theme of the lesson is «Classical and Modern physics». Role-play this situation.

2. Organize the discussion on the role of languages, English in particu-lar, in studying physics.

WRITTEN PRACTICE

Write about the role of mathematics in physics.

Keys to the crossword

Across: 4. happen, 6. pen, 7. foreign, 9. advise, 11. country, 12. crop, 13. soften, 15. make,

16. physics, 17. snake, 18. spot.

Down: 1. define, 2. ghost, 3. care, 5. pet, 6. piece, 1. fine, 8. German,

11. cop.