Unit 2

Phonetics: 1. Letters and letter combinations c, g, s, x, ch, th, sh

2. Phonetic drills.

Grammar: 1. Nouns: plural of nouns, noun cases,noun as an attribute.

2. Pronouns: personal, objective, pos­sessive, indefinite, negative

3. Special questions

Texts: 1. I Learn English

2. Branches of physics

Section 1 Читання приголосних букв та буквосполучень

c, g, s, x, ch, th, sh

Букви	Звуки	Правила читання, зауваження	Приклади
Cc Gg Ss Xx Ch Sh Th	[s] [k] [dʒ] [g] [z] [s] [gz] [ks] [tʃ] [ʃ] [ð] [θ]	перед e, i, y в інших випадках перед e, i, y але: give, get, begin в інших випадках між двома голосними в інших випадках перед наголошеною голосною в інших випадках але [ʃ] [k] В службових словах та між голосними В інших випадках	cent, city, cycle cable, black, clad gentle, Gipsy, gym go, gun, gave, bag visit, these, rise bus, state, assistance exist, exam, exclude, complex child, catch, inch machine chemistry, mechanics shell, fist, shame this, that, bathe tenth, thank, fifth

PHONETIC DRILLS

1. Повторіть за диктором слова із вказаними звуками, поясніть, за якими правилами читаються букви C, G, S, X та буквосполучення ch, sh,th:

[s] - mist, scene, cent, sent, scent, dress, fence

[z] - visit, his, bags, rise, these, has, pens

[k) - cat, black, act, catch, cry, cycle, pack, accent

[g] - leg, grave, get, begin, English, grid, glad, fog

[dʒ] - edge, fledge, age, bridge, gentle, badge, gym

[θ] - theft, tenth, fifth, thin, depth, bath, three, thank

[ð]- the, this, those, bathe, them, then, with, within

[ʃ]- fish, shake, she, shame, flash, shine

[tʃ] - inch, lynch, chime, chest, child, catch, ditch

[ks] - express, expose, expert, excuse, exchange

[gz] - exam, exalt, exact, exist, exert

2. Прочитайте контрольну вправу:

lost, depth, sham, shame, fresh, thick, tenth, the, this, that, those, space, crest, cycle, pencil, stick, scant, sick, theme, cyclist, wish, shabby, change, machine, catch, chat, chemist, page, guest, leg, cage, get, begin, go, gun, grim, cite, site, size, cable, lick, clad, age, gent, dig, range, gin, egg, wig, since, gentle, stage, gem, exist, exile, excuse, gun, grow.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Give the plural form of the nouns:

Pen, desk, man, window, story, boy, phenomenon, wife, child, nucleus, basis, book, roof, baby, bag, test, city, day, foot, match, class, flat, door, chief, knife, army, dish, bench, bed, basis, crisis, story.

1. a) Replace the italicized nouns by the personal pronouns in the Nominative or Objective Case.

Pattern: The pen on the table - It is on the table.

I see these engineers - I see them.

1. The students are reading the text. 2. I saw the students on the stadium. 3. The books are in the bookcase. 4. Put the books on the table. 5. Peter is in the laboratory. 6. I gave Peter an interesting book to read. 7. My father comes back home very late. 8. I asked my father to give me some money. 9. I am wait­ing for my sister. 10. My sister brought me the chair.

b) Ask special questions on the sentences

III. Paraphrase the sentences with the possessive pronouns.

1. Pattern: This is my book - this book is mine.

1. This is our school. 2. That is your pen. 3. Those are my books. 4. These are her friends. 5. That is their teacher. 6. This is my brother. 7. Those are your mistakes. 8. That is her desk.

2. Patter n: Your flat is large. My flat is larger. -Your flat is larger than mine.

1. Her book is interesting. My book is more interesting. 2. Your flat is far from school. My flat is farther. 3. My pen is good. Your pen is better. 4. Peter's sister is young. My sister is younger. 5. Her text is long. My text is longer. 6. Your dog is clever. Ann's dog is cleverer.

IV. Fill in the blanks with indefinite pronouns some, any.

1. Do you learn ... foreign languages? 2. My friend has ... very nice photos of his dog. 2. Did your brother make ... mistake in his last control paper? 3. I didn't get ... letters yesterday. 4. Please take ... of these cakes. 5. Please take ... of these sakes you like. 6. Did you read ... English stories last month? 7. Have got ... questions? 8. I don't know ... of these grammar rules.

V. Replace the pronoun any and its derivative by no and its derivatives making other necessary changes.

Pattern: I haven't any friends - I have no friends.

She doesn't know anything - She knows nothing.

1. There isn't anybody in the street. 2. There aren't any mis­takes in this dictation. 3. We didn't know anything about it. 4. There wasn't any school in this part of the town some years ago. 5. It was so dark in the room that we couldn't see anything. 6. There isn't any milk in the cup. 7. We didn't see any car in the street last night.

VI. Translate these sentences into English.

1. Ця книжка цікава, а та – ще цікавіша. 2. На столі є багато книжок. 3. Деякі з цих хлопців вміють грати у теніс. 4. Чи ви знали яку-небудь іноземну мову п’ять років тому? 5. Це не твоє пальто, воно – моє. 6. Я не бачу ніяких ручок на столі. 7. На поличці є багато альбомів. 8. У нашому місті є багато кінотеатрів. 9. Моя квартира більша, ніж твоя. 10. Я нікому не сказав про це.

CONVERSATION PRACTICE

1. Read this dialogue. Using it as a model, make up your own dialogues, speaking, instead of books, about pictures, dogs, friends, pens, etc. If you count the pronouns some and any, you will see, that they are used in the dialogue 12 times. And how many times will you use them in your own dialogues?

• Hallo, Oleg. Nice 'seeing you.

• Hallo, Peter, nice seeing 'you,

• Listen, Oleg, have you got any English books? Can you give any of them to me?— Yes, I have some. But why do you ask me about it?

• You see, our teacher told us to read some pages for our homereading, but, unfortunately, I haven't got any English books at the hostel, where, as you know, I live.

• That's strange, that you haven't got any English books. You should have some English books and read them regularly, if you want to know English well.

• Why, I can't tell that I haven't got any English books at all. I have some. As a matter of fact, I have very many English books, but all of them are at home, in my native town.

• Ah, I see.

• Oleg, don't be kidding. Tell me honestly, if you don't want to give me any of your English books.

• Well, of course, I shall give you some of my English books. Let's go to my place, and I shall give you any English book you like.

• That is very nice of you. Let's go, then.

Vocabulary notes

nice seeing you радий тебе бачити

you see розумієш

at all зовсім

as a matter of fact фактично

to be kidding дурачити(ся), водити за ніс

Section 2

Text 1. I LEARN ENGLISH

At the University we study many different subjects. One of them is English. I am very glad that I have a good chance of learning this language, because it is clear to everybody now that it is impossible to become a good specialist without know­ing any foreign language. The knowledge of foreign languages en ables us to read foreign literature on speciality, to get ac­quainted with the habits and culture of other peoples, to com­municate with other people from abroad, especially with our colleagues, and to feel at ease when visiting other countries.

The word «language» comes from the Latin word lingua meaning tongue. There are many different languages in the world. All of them have different origin. English is a mixed language. It is a German language by origin, but there are many French, Greek and Latin words in it. Most of these words are really international and it makes English an easy language to learn. Take any text on physics and you will see how many international words there are in it.

The English language is one of the most widespread lan­guages in the world. It is used as the official language in the United States of America, in Canada (one of the two official languages), New Zealand and Australia, because all these coun­tries were originally English colonies. Besides, it is spoken in India, South Africa and many other countries, which were un­der the British rule for years. They also speak English in China, Indonesia and Japan. Practically English is spoken by millions of people all over the world.

At the English lessons we read, write and speak English. I like to read interesting and fascinating stories which our teacher often gives us. Of course it is not easy to understand everything at first, but I work hard at my English, I try to read regularly. When reading a new text, I always put down the new words into my vocabulary and use them when I speak about the material which I have read.

Some Practical Pieces of Advice on how to Activize New Words

It happens sometimes that there are many new words in the text, and many students don't know what to do with such a heap of words.

As for me, I don't use the dictionary every time I meet a new word. I know one practical way of understanding new English words without consulting the dictionary.

First of all, you must read the sentence very attentively and look for international words.

Second, you must analyse the structure of the sentence, define the function of the unknown word in it and establish the ties between this word and its nearest neighbours. Imagine such a situation: you are reading some Ukrainian text, and one word in the sentence is spotted. Will you understand the meaning of the whole sentence not knowing one word in it? Of course you will, because the context will help you. So, when you translate the sentence, say all the known words in Ukrainian, and make a pause for the unknown word. I am quite sure that the second time you will pronounce the whole sentence in the Ukrainian language.

And the last advice. Don't forget to consult the dictionary every time you have guessed the new word. Of course, you may be mistaken sometimes, but if you guess six or seven words out of ten, you are on the right way.

This procedure may seem to you very complicated and time-and effort-consuming, and you may say that it is much simpler to look up all the new words in the dictionary. But using the above-described method you will stop being afraid of the new words, because you will be able to guess their meaning without consulting the dictionary. Just try and you will see how effective this procedure is.