7.Способы защиты внутреннего рынка от импорта. Понятие торгового дефицита/профицита.

Measures of trade regulation

The Protectionist measures raise the price of impoгted goods so that domestically produced goods will gаin а price advantage, so they protect domestically produced goods) – this is done by the government to protect infant industries.

Protectionist measures control international trade. The most common of them are tarrifs and quotas. Tariff (duties) – tax on imported goods.

Quota – is the maximum quantity of а product that mау bе admitted to а country during а certain period of time.

Balance of trade – the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period. Trade surplus = Export > Import, trade deficit = E < I.

8.Европейское Союз. Цели и задачи. Основные этапы развития.

EU – unique political and economic community with supranational and intergovernmental dimensions.

28 Member states.

1957 – the Treaty of Rome: European Economic Community (EEC) formed by 6 European countries.

1993 – the Maastricht Treaty: base of the current legal framework.

Single market:

• _{freedom of movement of people, goods, services and capital}

• _{common policies: trade, agricultural, fisheries, regional development}

• _{1999 common currency introduced (adopted by 13 member states)}

Schengen Agreement:

• passport control and customs checks between many member states abolished.

Population: over 492 million

Nominal GDP: €11.6 ($15.7) trillion (2007)

Institutions:

• _{the European Commission}

• _{the European Parliament}

• _{the Council of the European Union}

• _{the European Council}

• _{the European Court of Justice}

• _{the European Central Bank}

Citizens elect the Parliament every 5 years.

EU represents its members in WTO and observes the G8 summits.

Europe’s mission in the 21st century is to:

• _{peace, prosperity and stability for its people}

• _{overcome the divisions on the continent}

• _{ensure safety for its people}

• _{balanced economic and social development}

• _{meet challenges of globalisation and preserve diversity of peoples of Europe}

• _{uphold the values (sustainable development, sound environment, respect for human rights, social market economy)}

Milestones:

1957 – European Economic Community founded (BeNeLux, Fr, It, FRG)

1973 – Denmark, Ireland and the UK joined

1981 – Greece

1986 – Portugal and Spain

1987 – The Single European Act: single economic area from 1993, called the European Community

1991 – The Maastricht Treaty signed, reinforcing economic and monetary union

1993 – In November 1^st the organisation became the EU

1995 – Increased to 15 countries: Austria , Finland, Sweden

1999 – The single European currency the EURO was launched

2004 – 10 countries joined the EU

2007 – Bulgaria, Romania

2013 – Croatia

9.Международные коммерческие термины (цель, классификация). Сопроводительные документы (Shipping documents).

Incoterms – set of international rules (drawn by the International Chamber of Commerce) for interpretation of terms in foreign trade, describing duties and responsibilities of seller and buyer.

Aim: to avoid disagreements (resulting from differences in trading practices).

E;F - most favourable for exporter

the term E is EXWorks (с площадки экспортера):

• maximum obligation for buyer (all costs and risks)

• goods ready for collection at seller’s factory

• all forms of transport can be used

Categories:

1. E: goods available to the buyer at the seller's premises (EXW)

2. F: seller delivers to carrier appointed by buyer

• _FCA (Free Carrier) - доставка до транспортного средства. Goods are delivered to a named place where the carrier can load them onto a truck, train or aeroplane.

• _FAS (Free Alongside sheep) - доставка до борта судна. The seller delivers goods to the quay (ку) next to the ship in the port

• _FOB (Free on Board) - доставка на борт. The seller pays for loading the goods onto the ship

3. C: seller pays for carriage, has no liability after shipment and dispatch

• _CFR (Cost and Freight) - стоимость и аренда. Used for ocean Freight. The buyer is responsible for insurance

• _CPT (Carriage Paid to) - used for air freight and land freight. The buyer is responsible for insurance

• _CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) - used for ocean freight. the seller arranges and pays the

• _CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to) - the seller arranges and pays the insurance

4. D: seller bears all costs and risks in shipping goods

• _DAF (Delivered at frontier) - на границу. The importer is responsible for preparing all the documentation and getting goods through customs