16. Вклад Киотского Протокола и Копенгагенского соглашения по климату в экологическую безопасность планеты

The Kyoto Protocol.

The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty that sets binding obligations on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing dangerous anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference of the climate system.

There are 192 parties to the convention: 191 states (including all the UN members except Andorra, Canada, South Sudan and the United States) and the European Union. The United States signed but did not ratify the Protocol and Canada withdrew from it in 2011.The Protocol was adopted by Parties to the UNFCCC in 1997, and entered into force in 2005.

As part of the Kyoto Protocol, many developed countries have agreed to legally binding limitations/reductions in their emissions of greenhouse gases in two commitments periods:

• _the first commitment period applies to emissions between 2008-2012

• _{the second commitment period applies to emissions between 2013-2020}

The protocol was amended in 2012 to accommodate the second commitment period, but this amendment has (as of January 2013) not entered into legal force.

International emissions trading allows developed countries to trade their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. They can trade emissions quotas among themselves, and can also receive credit for financing emissions reductions in developing countries. Developing countries do not have binding targets under the Kyoto Protocol, but are still committed under the treaty to reduce their emissions.

Copenhagen agreement:

• _{Endorses the continuation of the} Kyoto Protocol.

• _{Underlines that} climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time

• _To prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system

• _{Parties to the Kyoto Protocol would strengthen their existing targets.}

• _{Delivery of reductions and finance by developed countries will be measured, reported and verified (MRV) in accordance with COP guidelines.}

• _{Agrees that developing nations (non-Annex I Parties) would "implement mitigation actions}» and would report those actions once every two years via the U.N. climate change secretariat

• _{Decides pursue opportunities to use markets to enhance the cost-effectiveness of, and to promote mitigation actions.}

• _{Developing countries, especially these with low-emitting economies should be provided incentives to continue to develop on a low-emission pathway}

• _{Agrees that developed countries would raise funds of $30 billion from 2010-2012 of new and additional resources}

• _{Agrees a "goal" for the world to raise $100 billion per year by 2020, from "a wide variety of sources", to help developing countries cut carbon emissions (mitigation).}

• _{Establishes a Copenhagen} Green Climate Fund, as an operating entity of the financial mechanism, "to support projects, programme, policies and other activities in developing countries related to mitigation".