42. А) Образуйте от следующих прилагательных наречия с суффиксом -ly и переведите их:

accurate, chief, different, easy, exact, geological, main, par­ticular, practical, proper, slight.

b) Определите по словообразовательным элементам (суффиксам и префиксам), какой частью речи являются следующие слова. Переведите их:

known — unknown; differ — different — difference; found — founder — foundation; mean — meaning — means; difficult — difficulty; extract — extractive — extraction; improve — improvement.

43. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов. Переведите их:

preliminary exploration; shape, dimensions and quality of a deposit; properties of the surrounding rock and overburden; analyses and tests of samples; core drilling; drilling rigs; to measure bed thickness; to facilitate the planning of current production; to make use of exploratory openings; general size of a deposit; exact estimation of ore reserves; exploratory pits, crosscut and boreholes; reliable information on the angle of dip; to determine the industrial importance of a deposit; to take into consideration detailed estimates of the ore reserves of individual sections.

44. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

the whole complex of investigations; industrial importance of a deposit; natural and economic conditions of the deposit; three stages of exploration; geological map of the deposit; detailed sur­vey; information on the preliminary exploration; methods of explo­ration to be chosen in any particular case; surface relief; shape of the mineral deposit; vertical pits and crosscuts; special features in the search for veins; on the basis of analyses and tests of samples; reliable information on mineral reserves; different sectors of the deposit; exploitation exploration; mining operations; planning of current production and calculating the balance of reserves and ore mined.

45. Прочитайте текст 6. Скажите, в чем различие между предваритель­ной и детальной геологической разведкой (с попутной добычей) месторождения.

TEXT 6

EXPLORATION of MINERAL DEPOSITS

Exploration is known to include a whole complex of investiga­tions carried out for determining the industrial importance of a deposit. The main task is to determine the quality and quantity of mineral and the natural and economic conditions in which it oc­curs. The exploration of the deposit is divided into three stages, namely preliminary exploration, detailed exploration and exploita­tion exploration.

The aim of preliminary exploration is to establish the general size of a deposit and to obtain an approximate idea of its shape, dimensions and quality. At this stage the geological map of the de­posit is corrected and a detailed survey of its surface is completed.

The information on the preliminary exploration is expected to give an all-round description of the deposit which will enable the cost of its detailed exploration to be estimated.

The following points should be taken into consideration: 1) the shape and area of the deposit; 2) its depth and angles of dip and strike; 3) its thickness; 4) the properties of the surrounding rock and overburden; 5) the degree of uniformity of distribution of the mineral within the deposit and the country rock, etc.

Preliminary explorations can make use of exploratory openings such as trenches, prospecting pits, adits, crosscuts and boreholes. They are planned according to a definite system, and some are driven to a great depth.

All the exploratory workings are plotted on the plan. These data allow the geologist to establish the vertical section of the deposit.

The quality of the mineral deposit is determined on the basis of analyses and tests of samples taken from exploratory workings.

The method of exploration to be chosen in any particular case depends on the thickness of overburden, the angle of dip, the sur­face relief, the ground water conditions and the shape of the min­eral deposit.

The task of the detailed exploration is to obtain reliable informa­tion on the mineral reserves, their grades and distribution in the different sectors of the deposit. Detailed exploration data provide a much more exact estimate of the mineral reserves.

Mine or exploitation exploration is known to begin as soon as mining operations start. It provides data for detailed estimates of the ore reserves of individual sections. It facilitates the planning of current production and calculating the balance of reserves and ore mined.

The searching and discovering of new mineralized areas are based on geological survey and regional geophysical prospecting. The results of these investigations provide data on iron-bearing formations and new deposits for commercial extraction.

In detailed exploration both underground workings and bore­hole survey are used. Core drilling with diamond and carbide bits is widely used. Non-core drilling is also used in loose rocks in combi­nation with borehole geophysical survey.

One of the main methods to explore coal deposits is also core-drilling. Modern drilling equipment makes it possible to accurately measure bed thickness and determine structure of beds, faults and folds. Recording control instruments are attached to drilling rigs which allow the geologists to get reliable samples good for nearly all parameters of coal quality to be determined.