Модуль 5 «doc icao 9432 Керівництво по радіотелефонному звязку»

Тема 1

Питання для самостійного вивчення:

• вивчення лексики професійного спрямування до тексту;

• читання тексту;

• переклад тексту;

• знаходження знайомих граматичних форм і конструкції;

• розуміння змісту прочитаного;

• підготовка до обговорення тематичного матеріалу тексту;

• огляд рекомендованої літератури, бібліографічних і до­відкових джерел, преси англійською мовою.

Завдання для самоконтролю знань

Runway configuration

The runways and the taxiways are arranged so as:

• to provide adequate separation in the air traffic pattern;

• to cause the least interference and delay in the landing, taxiing and take-off operations;

• to provide the shortest taxiing distance possible from the terminal area to the ends of the runways and provide adequate taxiways so that landing aircraft can leave the runway as quickly as possible and follow routes as short as possible to the terminal area.

The airport may be equipped with a single runway or parallel runways, that increase considerably the airport capacity. Sometimes parallel runways are staggered. This reduces taxiway distance to and from the terminal area whenever one runway is used exclusively for landings and the other for take-offs.

At high-traffic-volume airports dual parallel runways are necessary. In this type of configuration the runways adjacent to the terminal area, rather than the outer runways are designated for landing operations. This is done to prevent landing aircraft from crossing active runways for take-offs.

The winds at some airports require runways in more than one direction.

The number, length and configuration of runways influence greatly the airport capacity. Runways should be oriented so that aircraft are not directed over populated areas and obstructions are avoided. They are oriented in the direction of the prevailing wind when it blows consistently from one direction.

As a general rule, the primary runway at an airport is oriented as close as practicable to the direction of the prevailing winds. When landing and taking off, aircraft can manoeuvre on a runway as long as the wind component at right angles to the direction of travel (defined as

cross-wind) is not excessive. The maximum allowable cross-wind depends not only on the size of aircraft but also on the wing configuration and the condition of the pavement surface.

The length of the runway depends on many factors:

• aircraft performance requirements;

• environment at the airport;

• those items which establish the operating take off and landing gross weights for each aircraft type.

Certain conditions at the airport also influence runway length. The most important of these conditions are: temperature, surface wind, altitude of the airport and condition of the runway surface.

The higher the temperature, the longer the runway required because higher temperatures reflect lower air densities, resulting in much lower output of thrust. The greater the headwind down a runway the shorter the length, and conversely, a tail wind increases the length of the runway required. An uphill gradient requires far more runway length than a downhill gradient. If all other factors are equal, the higher the altitude of the airport, the longer the runway required.

The class of an airport determines the aircraft types which can be accepted. Thus, large jet airplanes use only the airports with paved or hard surface runways, although smaller airplanes can operate from grass strips.

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the main principles of runway and taxiway arrangement?

2. What runway configurations are generally used?

3. Which of those runway configurations is the most efficient? Why?

4. What does the runway direction depend on?

5. Where is the terminal area usually located in relation to the runways?

Рекомендована література

1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13.

Тема 2

Питання для самостійного вивчення:

• вивчення лексики професійного спрямування до тексту;

• читання тексту;

• переклад тексту;

• знаходження знайомих граматичних форм і конструкції;

• розуміння змісту прочитаного;

• підготовка до обговорення тематичного матеріалу тексту;

• огляд рекомендованої літератури, бібліографічних і до­відкових джерел, преси англійською мовою.

Завдання для самоконтролю знань

Taxiways

There is a network of taxiways, also referred to as taxi strips, at the airfield. Their purpose is to provide safe movement of aircraft about the airfield. Taxiways provide access from the runways to the terminal area and maintenance hangars, as well as from the terminal area to the take-off ends of the runways. Taxiways should be arranged so that aircraft, which landed, do not interfere with aircraft taxiing to take off.

At busy airports there is a main taxiway going parallel the runway connecting its ends. Where taxiing traffic is simultaneously in both directions parallel one-way taxiways are provided. Routes are selected to provide the shortest practicable distances from the terminal area to the end of the runways used for take-off. Whenever possible, taxiways are routed so as to avoid crossing of active runways.

During peak traffic periods, when a continuous supply of aircraft is available, the capacity of a runway is dependent, to a large degree, on how quickly landing aircraft can be vacated from the runway. Therefore, taxiways should be located at various points along the runway, so that landing aircraft can leave the runway as quickly as possible to clear it for use by other aircraft.

The location of exit taxiways is also influenced by the location of the runways relative to the terminal area.

Match the English translation to the Russian word phrases:

магистральная рулежная дорожка access

доступ runway occupancy time

освобождать полосу main taxiway

пропускная способность runway capacity

состояние покрытия to avoid crossing

РД скоростного схода one-way taxiway

избегать пересечения to vacate the runway

смешать pavement condition

РД с односторонним движением structural pavement

время пребывания на ВПП high-speed exit taxiway

искусственное покрытие shoulder

смежный to prevail

обочина adjacent

преобладать to stagger

Рекомендована література

1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13.

Тема 3

Питання для самостійного вивчення:

• вивчення лексики професійного спрямування до тексту;

• читання тексту;

• переклад тексту;

• знаходження знайомих граматичних форм і конструкції;

• розуміння змісту прочитаного;

• підготовка до обговорення тематичного матеріалу тексту;

• огляд рекомендованої літератури, бібліографічних і до­відкових джерел, преси англійською мовою.

Завдання для самоконтролю знань

Read and memory the dialogue in pairs:

T: What are the taxiways designed for?

S: The purpose of the taxiways is to provide movement of aircraft about the airfield.

T: Tell me, please. Which of the taxiways is the main taxiway?

S: The main taxiway is parallel to the runway and connects its ends.

T: Right you are. There are connecting taxiways and taxiways leading to the terminal area.

T: To provide safe landings of aircraft there are terminal safety lines at both ends of the runway and side safety lines (or strips) along it. Can you guess the meaning of these terms?

S: I think I can. The terminal safety lines means «концевая полоса безопасности» and the side safety line means «боковая полова безопасности».

T: Yes, you are quite right. What do the terminal and side safety lines serve for?

S: The terminal and side safety lines serve to provide safe aircraft landings.

T: Large airports have paved or hard surface runways, that means «взлетно-посадочная полоса с твердым покрытием». What kind of runways have large airports?

S: Large airports have paved or hard surface runways.

T: Large airplanes use only the airports with hard surface runways, although smaller planes can operate from grass strips. Can you guess what is the Russian for a “grass strip”?

S: I think I can. It is «грунтовая полоса», isn’t it?

T: Yes, that’s correct. What runways can large jet airplanes use?

S: Large jet airplanes can operate only from paved or hard surface runways.

T: The runway length depends on many factors, among them: altitude, climate, types and weights of airplanes.

So, will you remember the factors that influence the runway length?

S: The runway length depends on such factors as: altitude, climate, types and weights of airplanes.

Рекомендована література

1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13.

Тема 4

Питання для самостійного вивчення:

• вивчення лексики професійного спрямування до тексту;

• читання тексту;

• переклад тексту;

• знаходження знайомих граматичних форм і конструкції;

• розуміння змісту прочитаного;

• підготовка до обговорення тематичного матеріалу тексту;

• огляд рекомендованої літератури, бібліографічних і до­відкових джерел, преси англійською мовою.

Завдання для самоконтролю знань

Measure equipment (radio-navigation aids –VOR/ DME)

Apart from taking their bearing from the stars, how do pilots navigate? The answer, of course, is in the use of radio navigation aids. There are a variety of different types of radio navigation aids but here we shall discuss VOR and DME only.

VOR and DME are often located at the same site. They operate on VHF and UHF respectively and, as a consequence, are not affected by static or other interferences. The maximum range of VOR is about 200 nautical miles. By flying VOR the pilot ensures he is flying directly to the station. Also by measuring his radials from more than one VOR station, a pilot can check his position.

The function of DME, which is short for Distance Measuring Equipment, is, as its title describes, to measure distance. The DME measures, electronically, the time is taken for signal, transmitted, from an aircraft interrogator, to reach the ground based station transponder, and return. This elapsed time is converted to miles and appears on a digital indicator on the flight deck. The indicator actually seems to rapidly count the number of miles between the aircraft and the station giving the pilot a continuous digital reading of how far he is from, or to, a station.

With the many VOR/DME stations along his route, a pilot can make good his desired track; is constantly aware of his distance to or from a DME station; or, by using two VOR radials, establish his exact position.

Термінологічний словник

1. bearing пеленг

2. radio navigation радионавигационные средства

3. VOR высокочастотный многонаправленный маяк

4. DME оборудование для измерения расстояния

5. static зд. pадио или атмосферные помехи

6. interference помехи создаваемые другой станцией

7. nautical miles расстояние равное 6080 футов

8. radials трасса или маршрут до или от VOR

9. interrogator электронный прибор в самолете

10. transponder наземный приемо-передатчик

11. reading зд. цифровой указатель расстояния на приборной доске

Рекомендована література

1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13.

Тема 5

Питання для самостійного вивчення:

• вивчення лексики професійного спрямування до тексту;

• читання тексту;

• переклад тексту;

• знаходження знайомих граматичних форм і конструкції;

• розуміння змісту прочитаного;

• підготовка до обговорення тематичного матеріалу тексту;

• огляд рекомендованої літератури, бібліографічних і до­відкових джерел, преси англійською мовою.

Завдання для самоконтролю знань

What is a near-miss?

Two or more airliners, small aircraft, helicopters, balloons, or military jets come closer to each other than it is legally allowed, such creating the danger for a collision.

The minimum distance of the aircraft depends on the airspace they are flying in. In the approach or departure sector, the spacing can be reduced to a minimum of approximately four nautical miles (7, 4 km).

The vertical spacing almost anywhere in the world is 1000 ft for aircraft on opposite headings. Beginning at 29.000 ft altitude the vertical spacing between the flight levels is doubted.

The spacing en-route is most often expressed in flight minutes since, without radar, this is the only practical way to control the distance.

Aircraft flying according to visual flight rules (VFR) in Germany, are fitted in between the IFR flight levels.

The danger arises when aircraft change flight altitudes without coordination. VFR aircraft can climb or descend through IFR flight levels without talking to a controller beforehand. Since light aircraft are often equipped with only a simple transponder (no altitude, encoding), the TCAS of an airliner can’t pick the radar signal up, such not being able to give the airliner crew a resolution advisory. Only the incidents that almost caused a serious accident or that caused an accident with many fatalities are being investigated. Many near – misses either go undetected by the crews or, are not being reported.

Still the possibility for a mid – air collision is small. When the airspace is radar monitored the pilots are often released from the mandatory calls at the reporting points. Otherwise the frequencies would be blocked.

If workload permits, good controllers, and there are many of them in the USA and in Europe, will always give traffic information anyway.

By introducing modern systems, such as autopilot, INS, and satellite navigation, the navigational capabilities of the aircraft in maintaining the desired track altitude and speed have made tremendous progress over the recent years. This makes aircraft fly much more precise both, laterally and horizontally. This capacity is highly desired for precision landings. Enroute, however, the ultimate precision is unintentionally generating a new risk. If aircraft fly on opposing tracks and at the same altitude, they will almost surely collide.

The lateral distance of aircraft depends much on the country they are flying in and on the phase of flight.

Рекомендована література

1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13.

Тема 6

Питання для самостійного вивчення:

• вивчення лексики професійного спрямування до тексту;

• читання тексту;

• переклад тексту;

• знаходження знайомих граматичних форм і конструкції;

• розуміння змісту прочитаного;

• підготовка до обговорення тематичного матеріалу тексту;

• огляд рекомендованої літератури, бібліографічних і до­відкових джерел, преси англійською мовою.

Завдання для самоконтролю знань

Emergency

Emergency is a serious event that needs immediate action.

Summarizing casual aeronautical experience a list of most common reasons for the crew to declare an emergency can be made:

1. mid-air explosion;

2. serious fire in the cabin or engine;

3. fire, oil or door warning lights;

4. loss of an engine;

5. bird strikes;

6. illness on board.

However, this list will never he comprehensive and complete. Had there been such a list ten years ago, for example, it would not have included such events as a Boeing-757, which suddenly had one engine go into reversed thrust by itself. But it happened. Nor would it have included the case of a Boeing-737 where the skin of the upper fuselage peeled off like the top of a sardine can.

Thus, each emergency must be treated as an event on its own. It may be similar to other emergencies, but there hardly could be two identical in every respect.

That is why it is totally impossible to define instructions for all cases and write such a document as phraseology for emergencies. Nevertheless, there are some standard procedures, which help to prevent chaos and make controller’s work organized and a bit regulated.

1. An aircraft under emergency gets priority over other aircraft.

2. Emergency signals are transmitted on frequency in use or special emergency frequencies. An aircraft in distress informs ATC using radiotelephony signal “Mayday” and sets its transponder mode A code 7700.

3. An aircraft having some difficulties, but which does not need immediate assistance can inform about it switching on and off its landing lights in a way different from the normal one.

4. An aircraft which has an urgent message concerning people safety, other aircraft or vehicle transits radiotelephony signal “PAN”.

In some cases it can be difficult to determine into which of the categories a particular incident falls, and is open to debate. With other events, the category is clear and not open to any argument.

English used in these events can be confusing, and often does not give the information a controller needs to make a reasonable assessment of the situation. The pilot may not be proficient in the use of English outside the standard laid down phraseologies.

And there are no laid down phraseologies for emergencies. If in doubt as to the exact nature of the problem, thank ask for clarification.

If unable to get more information from a hard-pressed crew, then go for the worst scenario. Never forget that one unusual can lead to another, and they can overlap.

Inform your supervisor. He will be able to do most of the liaison, which will be needed. Do not forget your other traffic. The necessity of transferring all the rest traffic to another frequency might arise. Radio silence might be imposed on all traffic except the flight in an emergency.

Термінологічний словник

	to summarize	суммировать; резюмировать; подводить итог
	casual	случайный
	event	случай
	to declare	заявлять
	comprehensive	исчерпывающий
	list	список
	skin	кожа; (зд.) обшивка
	reversed thrust	обратная тяга
	to peel	сдирать (to peel off – снять; очищать)
	to treat	относиться; рассмaтривать; считать
	sudden	внезапный
	respect	отношение
	to fall (fell, fallen)	падать; (зд.) попадать
	to debate	обсуждать, дискутировать, спорить
	argument	довод; аргумент
	to confuse	смущать; спутывать (confusing – бессвязный; спутанный)
	reasonable	разумный (правильный); умелый, обоснованный, приемлемый
	assessment	оценка
	proficient	опытный, умелый
	laid- down (phraseology)	утвержденная; установленная (фразеология) (принятые правила)
	nature of the problem	суть проблемы
	clarification	уточнение
	to hard – press	перенапрягать
	scenario	сценарий; обстановка; вариант (worst scenario – наихудший вариант
	overlap	перекрывать; накладываться
	supervisor	РП
	liaison	связь
	to arise (arose, arisen)	появляться; (зд.) возникать
	silence	молчание
	to impose	вводить
	to transfer	передавать

Рекомендована література

1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13.