Тема 20

Питання для самостійного вивчення:

• вивчення лексики професійного спрямування до тексту;

• читання тексту;

• переклад тексту;

• знаходження знайомих граматичних форм і конструкції;

• розуміння змісту прочитаного;

• підготовка до обговорення тематичного матеріалу тексту;

• огляд рекомендованої літератури, бібліографічних і до­відкових джерел, преси англійською мовою.

Завдання для самоконтролю знань

Parking, Securing and Mooring the Helicopter (2)

Mooring. The blades must be moored whenever the helicopter is parked outdoors. When wind speeds or gusts in excess of 35 knots are anticipated, also install the gust locks. In addition to tying down the blades, the fuselage should be moored when severe weather or very high winds are anticipated and the helicopter cannot be moved into a hangar. Use standard, approved mooring cables to tie down the fuselage. If the parking area is not equipped with mooring rings, use approved ground anchors.

The mooring points are located at the nose landing gear strut, at the main landing gear strut fittings, and on the external stores pylons (when installed). The main landing gear and external stores pylon mooring points are used to tie down the blades. The nose and main landing gear strut mooring points are used to moor the fuselage.

Термінологічний словник

	mooring	кріплення, швартування
	blade	лопать
	gusts	пориви
	gust locks	штормова струбцина
	tie down	кріпити
	mooring points	місця кріплення, швартування
	landing gear strut	амортизатор стійки шасі
	anticipate	передбачати
	anchors	протиугін, анкерний болт
	nose landing gear strut	амортизатор передньої стійки шасі

Рекомендована література

1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13.

Модуль 4 «Загальні правила ведення радіообміну англійською мовою»

Тема 1

Питання для самостійного вивчення:

• вивчення лексики професійного спрямування до тексту;

• читання тексту;

• переклад тексту;

• знаходження знайомих граматичних форм і конструкції;

• розуміння змісту прочитаного;

• підготовка до обговорення тематичного матеріалу тексту;

• огляд рекомендованої літератури, бібліографічних і до­відкових джерел, преси англійською мовою.

Завдання для самоконтролю знань

History of Aviation

In 2003 we celebrated the 100-th anniversary of the beginning of air activity by mankind. Otto Liliental, the German engineer is considered to be a forerunner of air activity; in 1891 he started making controlled flights on gliders of his own design. He learnt the nature of aerodynamic lift force and ways of controlling it from his own practical experience.

The Wright brothers were the first to join airframe to the engine and to provide its controllability in the flight. For the first time in the world on the 17-th of December 1903 they performed four controlled flights on their Flyer 1 airplane, a biplane of canard configuration on ski landing gear. Canard configuration (with front horizontal empennage) is most effective for creating sufficient attack angle at minimal take off run speed. They proved that flights of heavier-than-air aircraft were possible, and thus made their great contribution into the progress of mankind.

The boom of aviation has begun in France after the Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont, resident in Paris, circled the Eiffel Tower on his airplane in 1906. In 1908 he built Demoiselle, one of the world’s first airplanes of the normal configuration, which includes tail units. Normal configuration planes dramatically reduced death rate among the aerospace exploration pioneers.

Aviation penetrated from France into the Russian empire via Ukraine. On the 8-th of March 1910 Mikhail Yefimov performed the first demonstrative flights in Odessa. He was the first professionally qualified pilot in Russia.

One week later the self-taught pilot Sergey Utochkin performed his flight over the same hippodrome in Odessa. Later on Yefimov and Utochkin performed demonstrative flights in Kharkov, Kiev, St.Petersburg, Moscow and other cities of Ukraine and Russia.

In 1909-1912 over 40 types of planes were created in Kiev, which more than in any other cities of Russia. Ihor Sikorsky (1889-1972) was the most talented pilot and aircraft designer. He constructed the first multi-engine Russian plane, designed Ilia Muromets, the best plane of the World War 1, till 1939 designed 15 types of aircraft and created about 10 types of helicopters.

Kiev was the place where Petr Nesterov (1887-1914) the father of aerobatics, performed the loop. Oleg Antonov was an outstanding designer. His Design Bureau created about 30 types of gliders and 15 types of aircraft from the smallest up to the largest ones in the world. These planes created the market of super heavy cargo transportation services in the world civil aviation.

Ruslans and Mriya (AN-225 aircraft) subdued the air world. In 2003 12 countries of the NATO made a decision to use AN-124 aircraft in their missions.

Now aviation is one of the world’s major industries, involving business and leisure activities on a grand scale, providing employment to many millions of people. Airspace is especially busy with thousands of aircraft crossing the region every day. The inevitable involvement of technology in the form of computers, satellites and data transmissions, is changing the entire approach to ATC. In the foreseeable future controllers will become airspace managers.

Термінологічний словник

	forerunner	предвестник, первопроходец
	lift force	подъемная сила
	airframe	корпус воздушного судна
	controllability	управляемость
	canard configuration	схема «утка» (переднее горизонтальное оперение)
	empennage	(хвостовое) оперение
	exploration	исследование
	self - taugh	самоучка
	loop	петля
	to subdue	покорять, подчинять
	inevitable	неизбежный, неминуемый
	on a grand scale	В большом масштабе, значительно
	aerobatics	фигуры высшего пилотажа

Рекомендована література

1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13.

Тема 2

Питання для самостійного вивчення:

• вивчення лексики професійного спрямування до тексту;

• читання тексту;

• переклад тексту;

• знаходження знайомих граматичних форм і конструкції;

• розуміння змісту прочитаного;

• підготовка до обговорення тематичного матеріалу тексту;

• огляд рекомендованої літератури, бібліографічних і до­відкових джерел, преси англійською мовою.

Завдання для самоконтролю знань

The effects of the weather on aviation

Except perhaps for local or very short flights, a pilot, before taking off, obtains a weather forecast giving him the weather conditions which are expected along the route of his flight and at his destination. Because weather conditions affect aircraft in flight, to a considerable extent, special aviation forecasts are provided by meteorologists at weather offices all over the world.

The meteorologist, or forecaster, prepares a weather chart which shows the current weather conditions over the whole country. The current weather chart is called a synoptic chart. This synoptic chart shows the areas of low pressure, the areas of high pressure, where precipitation is falling, and all other weather conditions across the country.

From this weather map, the forecaster can advise pilots of the weather conditions they can expect to encounter during their flights. A high pressure area, for instance usually means good weather while a low pressure area usually involves one or more fronts producing clouds and precipitation over many hundreds of miles.

Pilots will pay particular attention to a low pressure area which lies en route, and the weather conditions associated with that low pressure area. The associated cold or warm fronts could involve clouds, thunderstorm, snow, rain and turbulence. From his charts, the meteorologist can forecast where this weather will be at a certain time in the future, and with the help of these predictions, the pilot will decide which route to fly and when and he will know what weather conditions to expect. If the forecast is very bad, for example, dense fog or poor visibility due to snow, the pilot may decide to postpone his flight. A pilot flying VFR would also cancel his flight because of low ceiling and low overcast conditions en route.

A pilot needs to know the wind direction and speed. A headwind will obviously delay the arrival of flights and is to be avoided if it is possible. A tailwind on the other hand, can be of great advantage as it increases the ground speed and results in a reduction in fuel consumption. Winds vary wih altitude, and also from one place to another, so information on winds is very important.

Wind blowing between areas of different air pressure, has an important influence on aircraft operations. A pilot needs to know how the wind will affect his aircraft. He needs to know things about the wind: its direction and its speed. The wind direction is where it is blowing from and the wind speed is how fast the wind is blowing. ATC gives a pilot information about the surface wind, that is the wind at ground level, in the following way: surface wind is 180/20. This means the wind is blowing from the south at a speed of 20 knots.

The words used to describe how strong the wind is are: calm, breeze, strong, gale (very strong), storm.

Calm means that there is no wind; storm means that the wind is very strong. A sudden increase in wind speed lasting only a few seconds is called a gust and the wind is described as gusting. A squall is similar to a gust but lasts longer. ATC might pass the following information to a pilot: surface wind is 280/15 gusting 25. Wind shear is the word used by ATC to warn pilots of a sudden change in wind direction or speed. Wind shear is a rapid change in wind speed or direction over a short distance horizontally or vertically. It can occur at any height, but is far more dangerous when encountered close the ground. When wind shear is forecast or is reported by aircraft, ATC will warn other aircraft until such time as aircraft report the phenomenon no longer exists. e.g. G-GD at 0745 a departing B-757 reported wind shear at 800 feet airspeed loss 20 kts. Jet streams are high level winds which are very important for navigation because they blow very fast. They can blow faster than 200 knots. Visibility is how far you can see in the weather conditions when you are flying. Visibility can affect flight operations. Turbulence happens when the smooth flow of air is disturbed by something in its path on the ground or by rising or descending air. Turbulence can be light, moderate and severe. In severe turbulence an aircraft can lose or gain a lot of height. Clear air turbulence, or CAT, occurs at high altitudes away from clouds. It is normally associated with jet streams.

Information about significant changes in metconditions in the take-off or climb area is transmitted without delay, e.g. changes in surface wind direction and speed, visibility, RVR, air temperature, thunderstorm, moderate or severe turbulence, wind shear, hail, moderate or severe icing, severe line squall, freezing rain, sand storm, dust storm, blowing snow, tornado, waterspout.

Термінологічний словник

	except		кроме
	perhaps		возможно
	a forecaster		синоптик
	a meteorologist		метеоролог
	current weather		текущая погода
	precipitation		осадки
	to encounter		сталкиваться, неожиданно встретиться
	to involve		включать в себя
	to produce		производить, создавать
	low		циклон, область низкого давления
		associated	связанный
		obviously	явно, очевидно
		a synoptic chart	синоптическая карта
		a low pressure	низкое давление
		the areas of high pressure	районы высокого давления
		to pay attention	уделять внимание
		effect	действие, влияние
		to effect	производить
		advantage	преимущество
		to result	происходить в результате чего-то
		fuel consumption	расход горючего
		to vary	меняться, изменяться
		certain	определенный
		prediction	предсказание
		ceiling	низкая облачность
		to postpone	откладывать
		overcast	сплошная облачность
		а reduction	понижение
		low ceiling	низкая облачность
		low overcast	низкая облачность
		smooth	ровный, гладкий
		to gain	получить, выиграть, достичь
		adverse weather	неблагоприятная погода

Рекомендована література

1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13.

Тема 3

Питання для самостійного вивчення:

• вивчення лексики професійного спрямування до тексту;

• читання тексту;

• переклад тексту;

• знаходження знайомих граматичних форм і конструкції;

• розуміння змісту прочитаного;

• підготовка до обговорення тематичного матеріалу тексту;

• огляд рекомендованої літератури, бібліографічних і до­відкових джерел, преси англійською мовою.

Завдання для самоконтролю знань

Air traffic service

Control of air traffic was almost unknown when ICAO was founded in 1944. Today the air traffic control, flight information and alerting services, which together comprise air traffic services, rank high among the indispensable ground support facilities which ensure the safety and efficient operation throughout the world.

Annex 11 to the ICAO Convention defines air traffic services and specifies the world-wide Standards and Recommended Practices applicable in the provision of these services.

The world’s airspace is divided into a series of contiguous flight information

Regions (FIRs) within which air traffic services are provided. In some cases, the flight information regions cover large oceanic areas with relatively low air traffic density, within which only flight information service and alerting service are provided. In other flight information regions, large portions of the airspace are controlled airspace within which air traffic control service is provided in addition to flight information and alerting service.

The prime objective of air traffic services, as defined in Annex 11, is to prevent collision between aircraft, whether taxiing on the manoeuvring area, taking-off, landing, en-route or in the holding pattern at destination aerodrome. The Annex also deals with ways of expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic and of providing advice and information for the safe and efficient conduct of flights and alerting service for aircraft in distress. To meet these objectives, ICAO provisions call for the establishment of flight information centres and air traffic control units.

The aircraft fly in accordance with the Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) or Visual Flight Rules (VFR). Under IFR, the aircraft fly from one radio aid to the next or by reference to self-contained airborne navigation equipment from which the pilot can determine the aircraft’s position at all times. IFR flights are conducted through all but severe weather conditions, while aircraft flying under VFR must remain clear of clouds and operate in visibility conditions which will permit the pilot to see and avoid other aircraft. IFR flights are provided with air control service when operating in controlled airspace. When operating in uncontrolled airspace, flight information service, which includes information on known traffic, is provided and the pilot is responsible for arranging the flight to avoid other traffic. Control service is normally not provided to VFR flights, unless in specific areas, in which case VFR flights are separated from IFR flights but no separations is provided between VFR flights, unless specifically required by the ATC authority. However, not all aircraft are provided with air traffic services. If an aircraft is operating entirely outside of controlled airspace in an area where a flight plan is not required, the flight may not even be known to air traffic services.

Air traffic control service consists of clearances issued by air traffic control units to achieve longitudinal, vertical or lateral separation between aircraft, in accordance with the provisions set out in Annex 11.

Air Traffic Controllers at control centres in more than 60 countries of the world use the advanced technologies and the commitment to safety for those who fly. As aviation training requires a working knowledge of equipment, which is in a continuous process of innovation and modification, it is necessary to have a dedicated and skillful staff. The continuing changes in equipment and the rapid computerization is being held in many airports of Ukraine.

Aviation safety and efficiency depends on strict and rigorous professional training. The people selected to look after, and be responsible for the safety of aircraft both on the ground and in the air, must show before acceptance that they have some experience in aviation.

Термінологічний словник

1. to comprise включать, вмещать, входить в состав

2. rank степень, уровень

3. indispensable необходимый, обязательный

4. support facilities обеспечивающее оборудование

5. to ensure обеспечивать, гарантировать

6. to specify точно определять, устанавливать

7. provision снабжение, обеспечение

8. contiguous смежный, прилегающий

9. density плотность, компактность

10. to deal ведать, иметь дело, рассматривать

11. conduct руководство, руководить

12. to meet зд. соответствовать

13. establishment учреждение, ведомство

14. reference ссылка, упоминание

15. self-contained зд. автономный

16. responsible ответственный

17. in accordance with согласно с

18. commitment передача, обязательство

19. to give birth родить, дать жизнь

20. range сфера, зона, диапазон

21. advanced продвинутый

22. skillful staff квалифицированный штат

23. rigorous точный, тщательный

Рекомендована література

1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13.

Тема 4

Питання для самостійного вивчення:

• вивчення лексики професійного спрямування до тексту;

• читання тексту;

• переклад тексту;

• знаходження знайомих граматичних форм і конструкції;

• розуміння змісту прочитаного;

• підготовка до обговорення тематичного матеріалу тексту;

• огляд рекомендованої літератури, бібліографічних і до­відкових джерел, преси англійською мовою.

Завдання для самоконтролю знань

Airport design

The modern airport is a centre of most diversified services. Among the airport services are: flight assistance service, air traffic control – airport traffic control, air route traffic control, radio communication and weather service observation forecasting.

The airport has to maintain a number of supplementary services – rescue and security services. There must be an airport clinic, a fire brigade, special vehicles and equipment units (water trucks, catering trucks, air freight and baggage handling units, tow tractors for moving aircraft to the apron).

Other services cover maintenance, overhaul and repair of stationary and mobile equipment, the supply of electricity, water, heat and air conditioning. There is the Aircraft Maintenance Base with many maintenance specialists. There’s the fuel supply centre with underground pipelines.

The facilities include runways, air navigation aids, passenger or cargo terminal buildings.

The airport offers a hotel, a post office, bank offices, restaurants, snack bars and waiting lounges.

In the terminal there’s the computer information system to provide passengers with necessary flight information.

Any terminal building also provides space for the facilities for the convenience of passengers. First of all it is a central hall where passengers may rest while waiting for their flights. There may be situated various gift shops and news-stands, a post-office department, public telephones, a first aid room, chemist’s, hairdresser’s, luggage department and currency exchange.

Passengers can make a long distance call, exchange currency, buy souvenirs and other goods at the duty-free shops. Any international airport has two halls: arrival and departure, customs inspection, passport and health control. The airport terminal building is designed to facilitate safe and economic transfer of passengers and cargo between aircraft and ground transport.

The configuration of runways, the main and exit taxiways is an important element which influences the capacity of an airport. Exit taxiways are quite important for clearing landing aircraft from runway rapidly.

Lack of space for loading and unloading in the terminal area will result in delays and the number of operations an airport can handle in a peak period will be limited.

Weather conditions have an effect on airport capacity as well. The capacity of an airport during poor visibility conditions is usually less than in good visibility conditions.

Besides, the number and types of navigation aids available to pilots and controllers influence airport capacity. The development of computers helps controllers in processing aircraft at a more rapid rate.

Термінологічний словник

1. to diversify разнообразить

2. diversified разнообразный, разносторонний, многосторонний

3. supplementary дополнительный

4. rescue спасение (служба)

5. security безопасность, надежность, защита, служба безопасности

6. vehicle транспортное (перевозочное) средство

7. tow tractor буксировщик

8. overhaul тщательный осмотр (~ base – ремонтная база)

9. repair (to repair) ремонт, ремонтировать, чинить

10. to supply снабжать, поставлять, восполнять

11. pipeline телескопический трап, трубопровод

12. to include включать, заключать, содержать в себе

13. to provide снабжать, обеспечивать, предоставлять

14. maintenance техническое обслуживание

Рекомендована література

1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13.