Translation by way of analogies a) Translating By Way Of Genuine Phraseological Analogies

i.e. by means of phraseological expressions that are very close in their connotational (metaphorical) meaning, or in other words it is the replacement of the SL image by a TL image with similar implications and analogous structural form.

The kind of phraseological expressions in either of the two languages includes alongside of the regular phraseological unities also proverbs and sayings as well as so-called standardized and stable collocations like the ones given below:

E.g.: He that mischief hatches mischief catches –

Хто іншому яму копає, той сам у неї потрапляє.

E.g.: to have the ready tongue –

За словом у кишеню не лізти.

Some phraseological expressions may have two or more analogous by sense variants in the TL. The choice of an analogy rests than with the translator and is predetermined by the style of the text.

E.g.: a crooked stick throws a crooked shadow –

Який Сава, така й Слава/

Яка хата, такий тин (який батько, такий син).

Яблучко від яблуньки далеко не відкотиться.

B) Translating By Way Of Approximate Analogies

is employed when dealing with SL phraseological expressions characterized by a peculiar connotative meaning, resting upon their expressive force, picturesqueness or a specific literary image. As often as not there exist no genuine phraseological analogies for these units in the TL. As a result these expressions are replaced by approximate analogies whsch are only partly similar to the SL phraseologisms as they may be less picturesque and expressive than the SL phraseological variants or have divergencies in their evaluative meaning (or/ and other connotative meanings).

E.g. sounding brass – пусті слова/ порожні балачки;

E.g. the sow loves bran better than roses – кому що, а курці просо;

!!!E.g.: на всі руки майстер – Jack of all trades;

No need to emphasise that selection of approximate analogies is no easy matter as the source language phraseologisms often bear specific language traits having no correspondence in the TL.

Ranslating by word for word reproduction

This way of rendering is predominantly resorted to when dealing with the phraseological expressions which by their structure are regular sentences with a quite transparent semantic meaning but containing some national specificity of the SL.

The specificity may be of lingual or extralingual nature concerning the way of expressing the sense, the national literary images, the picturesqueness, the expressiveness. The phraseological expressions may be based on a specific national notion or have reference to traditions, customs, historical events, geographical position of the SL nation.

Among the phraseological expressions translated word for word are mostly proverbs and sayings.

The mechanical transference of the order of words becomes possible due to the identity of syntactical patterns (models) of the sentences in both the languages in question. Hence the expressive means of the SL phraseologisms are reproduced in the TL too. Naturally the phraseological expressions translated word for word do not always preserve the vividness, the picturesqueness and the expressive force identical to those of the SL.

As a result of word for word translation phraseological expressions lose their idiomacity and become free sentence structures in the TL.

Word for word (loan) translation of a phraseological unit is often used when it is necessary to preserve a nationally specific component of its meaning:

E.g.: to carry coals to Newcastle – возити вугілля в Ньюкастл;

E.g.: He will not set the Thames on fire – він Темзи не підпалить;

The translator, however, must make sure that the image is clear to the Receptor of the translation and if necessary to ensure the adequacy of understanding with the help of corresponding footnotes.