Sequences of tenses and reported speech The main rule:

When the predicate of the main clause is used in one of the past tenses, the predicates of all the subordinate clauses of the same sentence are also used in one of the past tenses.

Mind the changes that happen to tenses if they occur after the past verb in the main clause:

P resent Indefinite Past Indefinite

I think John is in love with me. I thought John was in love with me.

P resent Continuous Past Continuous

I think Mary is cooking. I thought Mary was cooking.

P resent Perfect Past Perfect

I think David has finished his essay. I thought David had finished his essay.

P resent Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

I think Julia has been working I thought Julia had been working

in the garden since morning. in the garden since morning.

P ast Indefinite Past Perfect

I think Philip knew Mary in the past. I thought Philip had known Mary in the past.

P ast Continuous Past Continuous/ Past Perfect Continuous

I think Laura was sleeping I thought Laura was sleeping/ had been sleeping

when we came. when we came

.

F uture Indefinite Future Indefinite in the Past

(will/shall) (would/should)

I think Eddie will pass his exam I thought Eddie would pass his exam.

F uture Continuous Future Continuous in the Past

I think Joanne will be sailing I thought Joanne would be sailing

this time next week. this time next week.

F uture Perfect Future Perfect in the Past

I think Meg will have knitted this I thought Meg would have knitted this

sweater by Christmas. sweater by Christmas.

F uture Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous in the Past

I think Ted will have been mending I thought Ted would been mending

his car for 3 hours when I come. his car for 3 hours when I came.

Notes:

• Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous remain unchanged.

• In spoken English all the abovementioned changes may not be observed.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES IS NOT OBSERVED when the subordinate clause contains:

1. the so-called “general truths”, e.g.

Looking at the night sky we suddenly realized that our solar system is just a tiny speck in the infinite Universe.

2. the description of a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported, the so-called “up-to-date reporting”, e.g.

Pat said, “I decided not to buy that house because it was on a main road.” Pat told that she decided not to buy that house because it was on a main road.

3. Modal verbs that have no past tenses like must, need, should, etc., e.g.

Marge phoned me and cried that I must come at once.

4. newspaper, radio and TV reports, e.g.

Before the plane crashed, the pilot told that he can see the lights of the take off.

5. conjunction “since”, e.g.

Jane said, “”I have been writing an essay since you left.” - Jane told that she had been writing an essay since we left.

6. Past Indefinite that shows an action taking place at a definite moment, e.g.

Susan said, “I had left home before the telegram came.” Susan told that she had left home before the telegram came.

David said, “When we were living (lived) in France, we used to go to the sea very often.” - David told that when they were living (lived) in France, they used to go to the sea very often.”

7. Subjunctive Mood, e.g.

Julian said, “I wish I could pass all my exams easily.” Julian told that he wished he could pass all his exams easily.