Indefiniteness:

*...two trees (2): firstly mentioned

*...a single trunk (5):newly mentioned

*...a cheerful voice(39):new

*...an earthenware mixing bowl...(76)....the mixing bowl kept full.(85): firstly unknown; then explicit

*...a goose(95)...to catct the goose(97):firstly unknown; then when it becomes known “the” is used

*...a great lake surrounded them(114):newly mentioned                      

 

2.6. SITUTIONALITY

The story takes place in an ancient Rome between the gods and two people from the poor folk of Phrygia which was an ancient Asian country. Two gods named Jupiter, the king of the gods in Roman Mythology, and Mercury, his messenger, talk about a plan . The place where Jupiter is living is out of the Earth and is described as a paradise; he eats ambrosia, which is described in the footnote as the food enables gods to live forever and Apollo plays his lyre, Graces dance,etc. The picture drawn and providing readers to visualize is as if the gods lived in paradise. Suddenly, when Jupiter decides to come to the earth, this changes and poor folk comes into appearance. The scene goes on like that until the gods reward the couple and give them “temple of whitest marble with a golden roof”. The situation changes and they are also shown as if they were in paradise.

            When it comes to the characters, the gods are shown as the powerful ones, while the couple is poor but happy. The poor couple has only love to share and the gods have evrything to give. The conversations between them is worth emphasizing since the conversation between the couple and the gods is more relaxed when compared with the conversation after they learn that they are gods; yet it doesn’t change  very much because of the fact that this couple is shown as a good model for people to take lessons in life. To clarify, we had better see the examples:

* “We are poor folk”... “But poverty isn’t so bad when you are willing to own up to it...”(53-4)

Here the woman has no problem with having relaxed conversations with the gods when expressing herself.

* “we have a goose.”the old man said... “which we ought to give your lordships But if you will only wait,it shall be done at once.”(94-7)

Here the man is more polite to his guests; he feels uncomfortable just because he tries to prepare the best food he can serve for his guests; the guests’ being gods  doesn’t change the things since he hasn’t known it, yet. He does his best due to his well-mannered character.

* “Let us be your priests, guarding this temple for you-and oh, since we have lived so long together, let neither of us have to live alone. Grant thet we may die together.”(126-130)

Here, the couple has learnt that the guests are gods; so their way of talking is a bit changes. It can be seen better when we speculate upon the words and phrases used: “Let us..”, “Grant that”, “..oh”, “ ...for you...”. As it is seen, the state of the characters change the roles of them and the others in the situation; it even changes the situation and everything related with the situation.

 

 2.7. INTERTEXTUALITY

         In a text, intertextuality covers all the things studied so far and goes beyond of these. Including all the things studied for this text, here more items will be dealt with to extend this analysis.

Text type: Literary text. However it also includes the function of narration(sub-type) in this text.

Text allusion: The way people use or refer to well-known texts.

*...Sometimes when Jupiter was tired of eating ambrosia and drinking nectar up in Olympus and even a little weary of listening to Apollo’s lyreand watching the Graces...(10-4)

Here, “Apollo” and “the Graces” are  characters known in mythology; “Apollo” is not explained in the footnotes here since the preeceding text in the book is about Apollo and his son; whereas “Graces” are explained in case some readers cannot follow what they refer to. Intertextuality supplies us such applications that are texts in the texts as it is the case here.

Topic: In a text some topics are to discussed further; the decision about it is made with the help of the informativity,which is discussed above.  According to this, it can be said that Jupiter and Mercury are more important characters and they are to be explained to the readers whereas Graces and Apollo are less important and lack of explanation about them raises less problem when compared with the main characters in the text. It is not only valid for the readers but also for the events taking place; the conversation about the reward is more important compared with the descriptions on houses or actions taking place in it. 

Discourse World Model: It includes beyond the linguistic structure of the text by focusing on the details about the text. Since most of them were studied in detail above(schema, events, states) here the points that have  not been mentioned so far will be discussed.

The effects of the schema:

a. The replacing of the original concept under a variety of expressions: Instead of “there was a time...”, “Once upon a time...”, the writer starts  with “In the Phrygian Hill country there were once...”. Here the conventional, let’s say original, concept is replaced by an acceptable version, which provides the readers to see the variety of expressions.

b. The reader’s inclination to match text boundaries up with schema boundaries: It is accomplished by means of the variety mentioned above; schema boundaries are programmed to “Once upon...” or “there was a time...” whereas it is matched with the new one presented by the writer.

c. The selecting and verifying of schemas contributes to comprehension. Here some dialogues are selected and omitted and not presented to the reader; yet again the reader is supplied with  the knowledge by means of the explanations made and the comprehension is accomplished with these explanations and necessary conversations that give vividness to the text.