- •Elektronski fakultet
- •Written and spoken communications in english for science and technology introduction
- •Nadežda Stojković
- •Edicija: Pomoćni udžbenici
- •Elektronski fakultet
- •Nadežda Stojković
- •Isbn 86-85195-02-0
- •Table of contents
- •VI correspondence 73
- •VII spoken presentations and interviews 99
- •VIII bibliography 117
- •Foreword
- •II paragraph
- •2.1. Paragraph structure
- •2.2. Kinds of paragraphs
- •III essay
- •3.1. Parts of an essay
- •Introduction
- •3.2. Kinds of essays
- •3.3. Five paragraph model of composition
- •Introductory paragraph
- •3.4. Quotations/ references/ bibliography
- •IV formal reports and instructions
- •4.1. Formal reports format
- •4.2. Proposal (feasibility), progress and final report
- •4.2.1. Proposal (feasibility) report
- •4.2.2. Progress report
- •4.2.3. Final report
- •Introduction
- •4.3. Laboratory report
- •4.4. Design reports
- •Introduction
- •4.5. Instructions
- •4.5.1. Instructions format
- •Introduction:
- •4.6. User guides
- •Information Included in User Guides
- •4.7. Other types of technical documents/reports
- •V research papers
- •5.1. Research papers planning and writing
- •5.1.1. Note on style
- •5.1.2. General structure of a research paper
- •Introduction:
- •5.2. Journal articles
- •5.2.1. Prose and style considerations
- •5.2.2. Specific sections of an article:
- •5.3. Diploma paper
- •5.3.1. General structure of a diploma paper
- •5.3.2. Diploma paper defending
- •5.4. Master's vs PhD thesis
- •5.5. General features of a PhD thesis
- •5.5.1. Two types of PhD theses
- •5.6. PhD thesis proposal
- •5.6.1. Proposal format
- •5.7. PhD thesis format
- •Introduction
- •VI correspondence
- •6.1. Common letter components
- •Sample letter of common kind
- •6.2. Types of correspondence
- •6.2.1. Technical Cooperation
- •6.2.2. Technical Visits Abroad
- •6.2.3. Technical Visits from Abroad
- •6.2.4. Technical Training
- •6.2.5. Requesting Information
- •6.2.6. Complaint and Adjustment Letters
- •6.2.7. Application Letter
- •Sample application letter
- •6.2.8. Letter of Recommendation
- •Sample letter of recommendation
- •6.2.9. Resume/ cv
- •The common structure of a resume/cv
- •Helpful tips considering cv style
- •Sample cv
- •Your name
- •6.2.10. Cover Letters
- •Sample cover letter
- •6.2.11. Thank you Letters
- •Sample post-interview thank you letter
- •Sample post-information thank you letter
- •Sample job offer acceptance thank you letter
- •6.2.12. Memorandum
- •6.2.13. Emails
- •VII spoken presentations and interviews
- •7.1. Spoken presentations
- •7.2. Preparing and delivering formal spoken presentation
- •1) Analyse your audience
- •2) Know your task
- •3) Determine primary purpose
- •4) Shape your presentation
- •5) Select effective supporting information
- •6) Choose an appropriate pattern of organisation
- •7) Select appropriate visual aids
- •8) Prepare a suitable introduction
- •9) Prepare a closing summary
- •10) Practice
- •11) Delivery
- •12) Time and focus
- •7.3. Scientific discussion - argumentation and contra argumentation
- •6. Conclusion
- •7.3.1. Appropriate phrases for developing an argument
- •7.4. Interviews
- •7.4.1. Some interview tips
- •7.4.2. Common interview questions and answering hints
- •VIII bibliography
IV formal reports and instructions
4.1. Formal reports format
This chapter deals with the most common and widely applicable kinds of reports. Their structure of format, as presented here, should be understood as a general basis that can and should be modified according to the specifics of the report in question (T.H.Miles 1989, H.G.Mills and J.A.Walter 1978).
Format
A scientific report usually consists of the following:
1. Title
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Materials and methods
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. References/ Literature cited
8. Appendices
There is general agreement among scientists that each section of the report should contain specific types of information. The principles of composing a title as well as of references and citations are discussed in the previous chapter as they share characteristics in most scientific writing.
4.2. Proposal (feasibility), progress and final report
The course of writing a report on a scientific or technical project usually proceeds in three stages. Before commencing a project, you are to write a proposal report, in the course of actual work on it, you may be required to elaborate on the actions in progress, and upon completion, the overall results are presented in a final report.
4.2.1. Proposal (feasibility) report
Project as understood here is an individual or team endeavour, yet institution based. This means that in order for it to start some people have to decide upon its validity. Proposal report is a document whose purpose is to explain, elaborate and persuade into the feasibility of what you want to do, what its relevance is, what the financial and other requirements are needed. All of these pieces of information should be detailed and specified minutely. Usually, this report is of roughly 1000-1500 words, which makes 2 or 3 pages, typed single spaced (K.W.Houp, T.E.Pearsall, E.Tabeaux, S.Dragga, 1977).
The proposal report should be written in the form of a memorandum (see chapter VI), beginning with the following:
To:
From:
Subject:
Date:
In the body of your proposal use headings to indicate the separate sections.
Statement of Problem
Here it is a must to clearly define the issue you want to deal with. You need to specify its relation to the current trends and achievements in the area of knowledge it belongs to, what its significance is, and for which population it is intended. In order to support this, refer as fully as possible to the previous work performed in that field. You should also enumerate your reasons for wanting to work on that problem.
Proposed Project and Purpose
The next logical step is the actual identification of the project that you propose for realisation. Your primary focus ought to be on its goals. To defend the feasibility of your project you should specify what your approach is, your reasons for choosing that one above possible others. As hindrances or objections are bound to arise, anticipate them in this section.
Plan of Activities with Deadlines
The proposal project includes a detailed list of the steps in your work with the approximation of time it will consume. The steps are not only identified, but also explained in terms of all requirements that you may need in the course of your work. Those may be: special equipment, various kinds of assistance - professional, technical, non-technical, books, etc. Conclude this part with the expected results of your project.
Evaluation
Your project will have to undergo specialists' evaluation. You need to explicitly state the criteria of evaluation, identify the aspects of your work that should undergo scrutiny, by doing so you affirm as crucial. They may be such issues as design, cost efficiency, accuracy, ease of operation and maintenance, effectiveness, environmental impact, etc.