- •Elektronski fakultet
- •Written and spoken communications in english for science and technology introduction
- •Nadežda Stojković
- •Edicija: Pomoćni udžbenici
- •Elektronski fakultet
- •Nadežda Stojković
- •Isbn 86-85195-02-0
- •Table of contents
- •VI correspondence 73
- •VII spoken presentations and interviews 99
- •VIII bibliography 117
- •Foreword
- •II paragraph
- •2.1. Paragraph structure
- •2.2. Kinds of paragraphs
- •III essay
- •3.1. Parts of an essay
- •Introduction
- •3.2. Kinds of essays
- •3.3. Five paragraph model of composition
- •Introductory paragraph
- •3.4. Quotations/ references/ bibliography
- •IV formal reports and instructions
- •4.1. Formal reports format
- •4.2. Proposal (feasibility), progress and final report
- •4.2.1. Proposal (feasibility) report
- •4.2.2. Progress report
- •4.2.3. Final report
- •Introduction
- •4.3. Laboratory report
- •4.4. Design reports
- •Introduction
- •4.5. Instructions
- •4.5.1. Instructions format
- •Introduction:
- •4.6. User guides
- •Information Included in User Guides
- •4.7. Other types of technical documents/reports
- •V research papers
- •5.1. Research papers planning and writing
- •5.1.1. Note on style
- •5.1.2. General structure of a research paper
- •Introduction:
- •5.2. Journal articles
- •5.2.1. Prose and style considerations
- •5.2.2. Specific sections of an article:
- •5.3. Diploma paper
- •5.3.1. General structure of a diploma paper
- •5.3.2. Diploma paper defending
- •5.4. Master's vs PhD thesis
- •5.5. General features of a PhD thesis
- •5.5.1. Two types of PhD theses
- •5.6. PhD thesis proposal
- •5.6.1. Proposal format
- •5.7. PhD thesis format
- •Introduction
- •VI correspondence
- •6.1. Common letter components
- •Sample letter of common kind
- •6.2. Types of correspondence
- •6.2.1. Technical Cooperation
- •6.2.2. Technical Visits Abroad
- •6.2.3. Technical Visits from Abroad
- •6.2.4. Technical Training
- •6.2.5. Requesting Information
- •6.2.6. Complaint and Adjustment Letters
- •6.2.7. Application Letter
- •Sample application letter
- •6.2.8. Letter of Recommendation
- •Sample letter of recommendation
- •6.2.9. Resume/ cv
- •The common structure of a resume/cv
- •Helpful tips considering cv style
- •Sample cv
- •Your name
- •6.2.10. Cover Letters
- •Sample cover letter
- •6.2.11. Thank you Letters
- •Sample post-interview thank you letter
- •Sample post-information thank you letter
- •Sample job offer acceptance thank you letter
- •6.2.12. Memorandum
- •6.2.13. Emails
- •VII spoken presentations and interviews
- •7.1. Spoken presentations
- •7.2. Preparing and delivering formal spoken presentation
- •1) Analyse your audience
- •2) Know your task
- •3) Determine primary purpose
- •4) Shape your presentation
- •5) Select effective supporting information
- •6) Choose an appropriate pattern of organisation
- •7) Select appropriate visual aids
- •8) Prepare a suitable introduction
- •9) Prepare a closing summary
- •10) Practice
- •11) Delivery
- •12) Time and focus
- •7.3. Scientific discussion - argumentation and contra argumentation
- •6. Conclusion
- •7.3.1. Appropriate phrases for developing an argument
- •7.4. Interviews
- •7.4.1. Some interview tips
- •7.4.2. Common interview questions and answering hints
- •VIII bibliography
3.3. Five paragraph model of composition
A classic format for compositions is the five-paragraph essay. It is not the only format for writing an essay, but a useful model when beginning to develop composition skills (H.Hoover 1970).
Introductory paragraph
The introductory paragraph begins with the thesis statement, the crucial statement of your essay. It is a kind of definition of the viewpoint you will be defending in the essay. Make it clear and complete. It needs to be followed with two or three supporting sentences. Those are miniatures of the arguments you will present in what is to follow.
Body of the essay:
First paragraph
The first paragraph of the body contains the strongest argument, most significant example, cleverest illustration, or an obvious beginning point. The first sentence of this paragraph clearly indicates its connection with the previous, introductory paragraph. The topic for this paragraph should be in the first or second sentence. This topic should relate to the thesis statement in the introductory paragraph. The last sentence of this paragraph should include a transitional tie to the second paragraph of the body.
Second paragraph
The second paragraph of the body contains the second strongest argument, second most significant example, second cleverest illustration, or an obvious follow up of the first paragraph in the body. The first sentence should include the connection with the previous paragraph. The topic that needs to be in the first or second sentence relates to the thesis statement in the introductory paragraph. The last sentence gives a hint of the proceeding paragraph.
Third paragraph
This paragraph contains the contra argument to your thesis. Here you give credit to the possible opposing views. Explain their advantages. Yet, you need to prove the superiority of yours so as to finally defend your ideas. You can do this by making contrasts between your and those contra arguments, so as to make it obvious that your argument is better founded. The last sentence contains a concluding transitional word or phrase that signals the reader that this is the final major point being made in this paper. It also leads into the last, concluding paragraph.
Concluding paragraph
This paragraph should include the following:
1. an allusion to the pattern used in the introductory paragraph.
2. a restatement of the thesis statement, using some of the original language or language that "echoes" the original language. (The restatement, however, must not be a duplicate thesis statement.)
3. a summary of the three main points from the body of the paper.
4. a final statement that gives the reader signals that the discussion has come to an end. This final statement may be a call to further action in a persuasive paper.
3.4. Quotations/ references/ bibliography
Accurate documentation of sources proves you have some authority to back up your idea, and through it you give appropriate credit to researchers and scientists on whose achievements you conceive your idea. The documentation of sources is the academic and professional writing practice of strengthening a scientific or intellectual argument by referring to work that other people have already produced. An author who wishes to prove a statement must demonstrate to the reader that the available evidence supports that statement. This evidence includes not only the data from the author's own research, but also the data and conclusions from other people's work. A well-documented paper is also more useful to a reader who wishes to investigate the subject more fully (J.S.VanAlstyne 2001).
Documentation involves two parts: the citation and the reference list.
The Citation is a short code (in the middle of your document) that identifies an idea or fact as borrowed from somewhere. Whenever you refer to information, you must identify the source right then and there, so that your reader knows exactly what information comes from which source.
The Reference list provides the complete information on each source at the end of the document. This is sometimes called a bibliography, but unlike a formal bibliography, a reference list includes only works to which you refer.
The citation and reference style may depend on the specifications of the essay requirements. There is a standard numerical method (IEEE citation and reference style) that is used in Electrical, Computer, and Mechanical Engineering. It is highly elaborate and should be studied and followed carefully as the success of the paper is judged on the proper documentation of the sources.
Bibliography is a complete list of all relevant sources that helped you in any ways to produce your work. Those are sources that inspired you in the first place, then helped you shape your ideas, etc. They need not be directly included in the work itself. This list is very important as it shows the depth and width of your entire expertise.