- •Elektronski fakultet
- •Written and spoken communications in english for science and technology introduction
- •Nadežda Stojković
- •Edicija: Pomoćni udžbenici
- •Elektronski fakultet
- •Nadežda Stojković
- •Isbn 86-85195-02-0
- •Table of contents
- •VI correspondence 73
- •VII spoken presentations and interviews 99
- •VIII bibliography 117
- •Foreword
- •II paragraph
- •2.1. Paragraph structure
- •2.2. Kinds of paragraphs
- •III essay
- •3.1. Parts of an essay
- •Introduction
- •3.2. Kinds of essays
- •3.3. Five paragraph model of composition
- •Introductory paragraph
- •3.4. Quotations/ references/ bibliography
- •IV formal reports and instructions
- •4.1. Formal reports format
- •4.2. Proposal (feasibility), progress and final report
- •4.2.1. Proposal (feasibility) report
- •4.2.2. Progress report
- •4.2.3. Final report
- •Introduction
- •4.3. Laboratory report
- •4.4. Design reports
- •Introduction
- •4.5. Instructions
- •4.5.1. Instructions format
- •Introduction:
- •4.6. User guides
- •Information Included in User Guides
- •4.7. Other types of technical documents/reports
- •V research papers
- •5.1. Research papers planning and writing
- •5.1.1. Note on style
- •5.1.2. General structure of a research paper
- •Introduction:
- •5.2. Journal articles
- •5.2.1. Prose and style considerations
- •5.2.2. Specific sections of an article:
- •5.3. Diploma paper
- •5.3.1. General structure of a diploma paper
- •5.3.2. Diploma paper defending
- •5.4. Master's vs PhD thesis
- •5.5. General features of a PhD thesis
- •5.5.1. Two types of PhD theses
- •5.6. PhD thesis proposal
- •5.6.1. Proposal format
- •5.7. PhD thesis format
- •Introduction
- •VI correspondence
- •6.1. Common letter components
- •Sample letter of common kind
- •6.2. Types of correspondence
- •6.2.1. Technical Cooperation
- •6.2.2. Technical Visits Abroad
- •6.2.3. Technical Visits from Abroad
- •6.2.4. Technical Training
- •6.2.5. Requesting Information
- •6.2.6. Complaint and Adjustment Letters
- •6.2.7. Application Letter
- •Sample application letter
- •6.2.8. Letter of Recommendation
- •Sample letter of recommendation
- •6.2.9. Resume/ cv
- •The common structure of a resume/cv
- •Helpful tips considering cv style
- •Sample cv
- •Your name
- •6.2.10. Cover Letters
- •Sample cover letter
- •6.2.11. Thank you Letters
- •Sample post-interview thank you letter
- •Sample post-information thank you letter
- •Sample job offer acceptance thank you letter
- •6.2.12. Memorandum
- •6.2.13. Emails
- •VII spoken presentations and interviews
- •7.1. Spoken presentations
- •7.2. Preparing and delivering formal spoken presentation
- •1) Analyse your audience
- •2) Know your task
- •3) Determine primary purpose
- •4) Shape your presentation
- •5) Select effective supporting information
- •6) Choose an appropriate pattern of organisation
- •7) Select appropriate visual aids
- •8) Prepare a suitable introduction
- •9) Prepare a closing summary
- •10) Practice
- •11) Delivery
- •12) Time and focus
- •7.3. Scientific discussion - argumentation and contra argumentation
- •6. Conclusion
- •7.3.1. Appropriate phrases for developing an argument
- •7.4. Interviews
- •7.4.1. Some interview tips
- •7.4.2. Common interview questions and answering hints
- •VIII bibliography
3.2. Kinds of essays
Essays can be classified according to various criteria. Here, we shall deal with the classification based on the content characteristics and their relevance for science and technology. It is very important to be aware that no piece of writing is purely a single type. Most often, the elements of many mix into a prevailing one.
The kinds of essays are:
1) Process analysis - describes a process;
2) Exploratory - the conclusion is not known in advance;
3) Argumentative - the goal of the argument is to persuade the reader of your thesis;
4) Cause and effect - gives reasons for an occurrence;
5) Compare and contrast - describes similarities and differences;
6) Classification - describes types or classes;
7) Definition - defines a term or a concept;
8) Narrative - a descriptive essay about your personal experiences.
Process analysis essay
This essay describes how to do something or it tells how something happens. This essay should give general characteristics of the process and then proceed to describe it step by step. Those phases need to be clearly divided and concisely explained. It is very important to make logical connections between phases. For example, instruction manuals are based on this essay type.
Exploratory essay
The exact nature of an exploratory essay can not be known in advance. It emerges gradually from decisions and discoveries made along the way. Individual writers go in different directions, depending on their interests and the specific writing contexts. There are two types of exploratory essays. The first sees writing as transcribing existing information, thereby giving it order and permanence so it can be examined and understood by others. In the second, writing is a way of coming to know what is unfamiliar, a kind of evolving conversation with readers, a conversation that constantly reshapes and redefines human experience.
Argumentative essay
An argumentative essay is built around a specific statement that is debatable within the field which you are exploring. That is to say, you are presenting a statement with which your readers may disagree. The essay will need to support the statement in a manner that convinces the readers of its truth.
Cause and effect
This type of essay presents reasons and explanations for events or conditions. The strategic points you have to consider are whether you are exploring causes or effects or both, and what is the order of the causes or effects you are going to pursue, from least to most important or vice versa.
Compare and contrast
This type of essay may serve either to highlight the features of two or more subjects without showing a preference, or with the idea of showing a preference. When writing this essay the subjects should necessarily be of a kind, and you should choose representative characteristics to compare.
There are two methods in writing a comparison and contrast essay. The first method compares and contrasts both subjects in each paragraph. The second one compares or contrasts either subject in each paragraph.
Classification essay
A classification essay will break a large subject into categories for the purpose of analysis. Many scientific treatises are classifications. Writing a successful classification essay will challenge your ingenuity in seeing connections between things. To classify means to make distinctions, to separate into parts or arrange information, data or phenomena according to some system or principle. The purpose of the classification process is to make sense of complexity by organising it and discovering interconnections so that we can use that information to some end. Once the phenomena have been divided, it is possible to demonstrate similarities within categories. The members of a category have distinct characteristics which they share with other members of the same category.
Criteria of classification:
Before writing a classification essay, there are three factors to be clearly established: 1) a principle, 2) a specific non-overlapping distinction between categories, 3) typical and relative examples. A principle is the underlying element which is the basis of your classification system. It is what the categories have in common. In this case, the principle is also a thesis. A specific non-overlapping distinction is the unique way by which each category achieves its completeness. Typical and relative examples refer to members of the category which may be more or less similar to each other.
Definition essay
A definition essay will share your special understanding about some idea or thing. In it you would give a description of the features or limits of the issue you are dealing with. Sometimes a definition will prove to be a small but an important part of an essay; sometimes a definition will be the sole work of an entire essay.
Narrative essay
Through reflecting on events in our lives we come to understand ourselves and the world around us. In scientific and technical discourse the aim of a narrative essay is usually to instruct, help others in their understanding of something. In order to make a narrative essay successful, you need to include a considerable number of descriptions. The ability to describe something convincingly will serve a writer well in any kind of essay situation. The most important thing to remember is that you as a writer need to show, not tell. That is achieved with vivid and accurate descriptions.