- •Elektronski fakultet
- •Written and spoken communications in english for science and technology introduction
- •Nadežda Stojković
- •Edicija: Pomoćni udžbenici
- •Elektronski fakultet
- •Nadežda Stojković
- •Isbn 86-85195-02-0
- •Table of contents
- •VI correspondence 73
- •VII spoken presentations and interviews 99
- •VIII bibliography 117
- •Foreword
- •II paragraph
- •2.1. Paragraph structure
- •2.2. Kinds of paragraphs
- •III essay
- •3.1. Parts of an essay
- •Introduction
- •3.2. Kinds of essays
- •3.3. Five paragraph model of composition
- •Introductory paragraph
- •3.4. Quotations/ references/ bibliography
- •IV formal reports and instructions
- •4.1. Formal reports format
- •4.2. Proposal (feasibility), progress and final report
- •4.2.1. Proposal (feasibility) report
- •4.2.2. Progress report
- •4.2.3. Final report
- •Introduction
- •4.3. Laboratory report
- •4.4. Design reports
- •Introduction
- •4.5. Instructions
- •4.5.1. Instructions format
- •Introduction:
- •4.6. User guides
- •Information Included in User Guides
- •4.7. Other types of technical documents/reports
- •V research papers
- •5.1. Research papers planning and writing
- •5.1.1. Note on style
- •5.1.2. General structure of a research paper
- •Introduction:
- •5.2. Journal articles
- •5.2.1. Prose and style considerations
- •5.2.2. Specific sections of an article:
- •5.3. Diploma paper
- •5.3.1. General structure of a diploma paper
- •5.3.2. Diploma paper defending
- •5.4. Master's vs PhD thesis
- •5.5. General features of a PhD thesis
- •5.5.1. Two types of PhD theses
- •5.6. PhD thesis proposal
- •5.6.1. Proposal format
- •5.7. PhD thesis format
- •Introduction
- •VI correspondence
- •6.1. Common letter components
- •Sample letter of common kind
- •6.2. Types of correspondence
- •6.2.1. Technical Cooperation
- •6.2.2. Technical Visits Abroad
- •6.2.3. Technical Visits from Abroad
- •6.2.4. Technical Training
- •6.2.5. Requesting Information
- •6.2.6. Complaint and Adjustment Letters
- •6.2.7. Application Letter
- •Sample application letter
- •6.2.8. Letter of Recommendation
- •Sample letter of recommendation
- •6.2.9. Resume/ cv
- •The common structure of a resume/cv
- •Helpful tips considering cv style
- •Sample cv
- •Your name
- •6.2.10. Cover Letters
- •Sample cover letter
- •6.2.11. Thank you Letters
- •Sample post-interview thank you letter
- •Sample post-information thank you letter
- •Sample job offer acceptance thank you letter
- •6.2.12. Memorandum
- •6.2.13. Emails
- •VII spoken presentations and interviews
- •7.1. Spoken presentations
- •7.2. Preparing and delivering formal spoken presentation
- •1) Analyse your audience
- •2) Know your task
- •3) Determine primary purpose
- •4) Shape your presentation
- •5) Select effective supporting information
- •6) Choose an appropriate pattern of organisation
- •7) Select appropriate visual aids
- •8) Prepare a suitable introduction
- •9) Prepare a closing summary
- •10) Practice
- •11) Delivery
- •12) Time and focus
- •7.3. Scientific discussion - argumentation and contra argumentation
- •6. Conclusion
- •7.3.1. Appropriate phrases for developing an argument
- •7.4. Interviews
- •7.4.1. Some interview tips
- •7.4.2. Common interview questions and answering hints
- •VIII bibliography
11) Delivery
During your presentation you need to:
- maintain eye contact with the audience,
- use natural hand gestures,
- keep body movement quiet and natural,
- maintain appropriate voice volume,
- avoid wearing distracting clothing or accessories,
- maintain a constant rate of speech,
- nervousness is to be expected, just turn it into enthusiasm,
- establish contact with the audience, talk to them before actual presentation,
- walk purposefully and confidently to the front of the lecture room,
- concentrate your full attention on what you say.
12) Time and focus
Know how long you have and fit into that time frame. The only way for that is to be ruthlessly selective and talk only about that which is essential.
Think of the talk as a kind of verbal abstract in which you want to give a clear picture of the issue, and not go into too many technical details. Make your central point clear, explain it, but also repeat it from time to time rephrased to keep the listeners' attention focused.
7.3. Scientific discussion - argumentation and contra argumentation
Situations in which engineers finds themselves needing to argue in favour or against a certain concept vary from most informal, a chat after a conference session, for example, to the most formal, like presenting a research paper and having a formal discussion with the audience afterwards. Whatever the occasion, to prove your expertise education and culture, you need to tailor your speech, the flow of your argumentation according to the logic rules inherent in the very nature of science. The formality/informality of the actual words and phrases you employ will vastly depend on the situation.
When having a discussion of a pro and contra type, in order to present and defend your viewpoint you will need to build a case. This means your delivery should have the following segments:
BUILDING A CASE:
1. Introduction
You need to direct the audience's attention towards the problem, as to why it concerns them, of what relevance it is.
2. Credentials
State clearly why you speak with authority on the subject. The reasons here may be infinitely varied. You may be an expert in the field, or you may have seen something intriguing on the television. You just need to identify your sources.
3. Position/Solution/Summary
Start the next section of your talk with a brief summary of your thesis and the proposed solution. It is of an equal importance to provide your reasons for advocating that particular solution.
4. Background of the Problem
This is where the elaboration on the problem begins. To give it a proper depth, you need to present your audience with the background of the problem, its origins, reasons for occurrence, how it has been solved so far. Again, it is recommended to relate the audience with the issue by restating how it concerns them.
5. Argument for Position or Solution
As you are now in the core part of your talk, signal it by specifying minutely the criterion for judgement. This is highly important, as it will direct the audience's attention to the aspects you want to highlight and give them the opportunity to assess properly if you have presented and supported your thesis well.
In as much detail as the situation, time and space allow you, explain your thesis. Support it with relevant and illustrative arguments and examples. Two supportive arguments are the basic standard. If there are more instances that confirm your points, perhaps it is more refined to use a general statement like "There are numerous other arguments that support my idea", then go on enumerating them. In other words, it is better to use two major arguments. The strong, persuasive, well supported speech is incomparably more persuasive and pleasant to listen to and engage in, than an unnecessarily long one.
It is at least a sign of well breeding to account for the different options which you do not approve of. Yet, it is also a way of proving the superiority of your opinion. Give credit to the viewpoints you are against, say what their strengths are. Then go back to your ideas as presented earlier and explicitly show their superiority to those you do not admit.