- •Elektronski fakultet
- •Written and spoken communications in english for science and technology introduction
- •Nadežda Stojković
- •Edicija: Pomoćni udžbenici
- •Elektronski fakultet
- •Nadežda Stojković
- •Isbn 86-85195-02-0
- •Table of contents
- •VI correspondence 73
- •VII spoken presentations and interviews 99
- •VIII bibliography 117
- •Foreword
- •II paragraph
- •2.1. Paragraph structure
- •2.2. Kinds of paragraphs
- •III essay
- •3.1. Parts of an essay
- •Introduction
- •3.2. Kinds of essays
- •3.3. Five paragraph model of composition
- •Introductory paragraph
- •3.4. Quotations/ references/ bibliography
- •IV formal reports and instructions
- •4.1. Formal reports format
- •4.2. Proposal (feasibility), progress and final report
- •4.2.1. Proposal (feasibility) report
- •4.2.2. Progress report
- •4.2.3. Final report
- •Introduction
- •4.3. Laboratory report
- •4.4. Design reports
- •Introduction
- •4.5. Instructions
- •4.5.1. Instructions format
- •Introduction:
- •4.6. User guides
- •Information Included in User Guides
- •4.7. Other types of technical documents/reports
- •V research papers
- •5.1. Research papers planning and writing
- •5.1.1. Note on style
- •5.1.2. General structure of a research paper
- •Introduction:
- •5.2. Journal articles
- •5.2.1. Prose and style considerations
- •5.2.2. Specific sections of an article:
- •5.3. Diploma paper
- •5.3.1. General structure of a diploma paper
- •5.3.2. Diploma paper defending
- •5.4. Master's vs PhD thesis
- •5.5. General features of a PhD thesis
- •5.5.1. Two types of PhD theses
- •5.6. PhD thesis proposal
- •5.6.1. Proposal format
- •5.7. PhD thesis format
- •Introduction
- •VI correspondence
- •6.1. Common letter components
- •Sample letter of common kind
- •6.2. Types of correspondence
- •6.2.1. Technical Cooperation
- •6.2.2. Technical Visits Abroad
- •6.2.3. Technical Visits from Abroad
- •6.2.4. Technical Training
- •6.2.5. Requesting Information
- •6.2.6. Complaint and Adjustment Letters
- •6.2.7. Application Letter
- •Sample application letter
- •6.2.8. Letter of Recommendation
- •Sample letter of recommendation
- •6.2.9. Resume/ cv
- •The common structure of a resume/cv
- •Helpful tips considering cv style
- •Sample cv
- •Your name
- •6.2.10. Cover Letters
- •Sample cover letter
- •6.2.11. Thank you Letters
- •Sample post-interview thank you letter
- •Sample post-information thank you letter
- •Sample job offer acceptance thank you letter
- •6.2.12. Memorandum
- •6.2.13. Emails
- •VII spoken presentations and interviews
- •7.1. Spoken presentations
- •7.2. Preparing and delivering formal spoken presentation
- •1) Analyse your audience
- •2) Know your task
- •3) Determine primary purpose
- •4) Shape your presentation
- •5) Select effective supporting information
- •6) Choose an appropriate pattern of organisation
- •7) Select appropriate visual aids
- •8) Prepare a suitable introduction
- •9) Prepare a closing summary
- •10) Practice
- •11) Delivery
- •12) Time and focus
- •7.3. Scientific discussion - argumentation and contra argumentation
- •6. Conclusion
- •7.3.1. Appropriate phrases for developing an argument
- •7.4. Interviews
- •7.4.1. Some interview tips
- •7.4.2. Common interview questions and answering hints
- •VIII bibliography
8) Prepare a suitable introduction
With an attention-grabbing introduction, you can establish a framing device for the entire presentation. You may find it more efficient to construct the introduction after the body of the speech has been developed. Then you can clearly see the nature of the technical material that must be introduced to the audience so that you attract their interest and meet their informational needs. The introduction must draw the audience's attention, identify your topic, and create expectations in the audience that you will satisfy in the course of the presentation.
Immediately gain the audience's attention by connecting their needs/values/knowledge to the topic of the speech. Maybe by including:
- an interesting fact, statistic, anecdote, etc.;
- an appeal to a common ground of understanding or experience between audience and speaker;
- a narrative or story to draw the audience into your domain;
- an overview of your speech to provide audience with a rational framework.
Create expectations in your audience that you will fulfill in the course of the presentation.
- create and repeat an organisational structure or pattern;
- acknowledge and then answer questions you know the audience will broach;
- introduce and then reference key terms throughout the course of the presentation;
- offer periodic overviews and then periodic summaries of material.
9) Prepare a closing summary
An effective conclusion develops naturally from the structure and content of the preceding material. A conclusion is not simply a rewording of the introduction, the conclusion is a separate and distinct part of your presentation and as such presents particular challenges for you to meet. In it, you need to:
- identify for the audience the most important point of the presentation;
- connect with the framing context that you introduced in the beginning;
- reaffirm the connection between the audience and the material presented.
Match the tone of the final remarks to what you perceive is the audience's primary need. You might offer:
- a summary of key points and/or sections of the presentation;
- a personal anecdote;
- a restatement of the problem and a brief summary of the solution;
- a resolution of the shocking statistic;
- an answer to a significant question.
10) Practice
Do not memorise. Under the pressure of presentation one is liable to forget and gets embarrassed. Instead, know your subject. The best way to know it is to practice. If you can, do so in front of your colleagues, friends, and always ask them to criticise your delivery. It is always good to devise methods of repeating important points and create smooth transitions between sections (think of paragraph and essay organisation). Words and phrases that signal transition from one point to another are highly important and effective. They help the listener understand where you are in your talk. Here are a few samples:
My second point is...
Finally...
In conclusion ...
Now that you understand how the transducer works, ...
An interesting side note is ...