1 7. Translate the sentences paying attention to the gerund:

1.Plants are useful sources of energy thanks to their storing the sun's radiation in chemical form.

2.Robots are good at doing the same task without asking for a safe working environment

.

3.People keep finding alternative sources of energy.

4.Maintaining good natural balance is our primary concern.

5.The possibility of participating in the work of the international conference terrified him.

6.They are for discussing this problem as soon as possible.

18. Find the sentences containing PARTICIPLE 1:

1. You shouldn't forget that there are plenty of problems remaining still unsolved.

2. I don't doubt his working in the field of electronics.

3. The researchers working in this field deal with the problem of conductivity.

4.Working there he is certain lo deal with such materials.

5.Their having failed in developing this problem is quite understandable.

6.An increasing number of production processes are being controlled by machines rather than men.

7.Increasing the number of machine-controlled production processes we shouldn't forget of the difficulties involved.

8.You have certainly heard of their having increased the number of machine-controlled processes.

19. Revision of the –ing forms.

1. The cinema being built in our street is of modern design.

2. Being built of stone and plastics the cinema will look fine.

3. This is a good beginning.

4. Having taken the examinations, he went to his native town.

5. Examples being given by the teacher in class help the students to understand the rule.

6.He read the document without looking at us.

7.Technique having reached a high stage of development, new methods of work became possible.

8 .He succeeded in presenting the necessary material.

9.He displayed great skill in designing this new device

10. Ring me up before going to the University.

11. Reading books is a necessary part of our studies.

12. Without constantly studying it is impossible to learn to translate original texts.

13. Having been asked for the book, the librarian promised to look for it.

14. This man was greatly interested in collecting minerals.

15. A great many young people studying at various education­al establishments combine work and studies.

16. By doing so he helped me greatly.

17. The students were writing when we entered the room.

18. All the students having finished the translation in time, j we could check it in class.

19. The conversation was interesting, many physicists taking part in it.

20. The painting represents a young girl.

21. Who does the cooking in your family?

22. Many bridges over the river having been built, it became possible to reach the distant part of the region.

23. Would you mind switching on the TV set?

24. He failed bringing us the necessary materials.

25. Having achieved the necessary results, we decided to describe them in our article.

26. Learning rules without examples is useless.

Translate the text and fulfill the tasks given in Comprehension check.

R o b e r t B r o w n in 1855
Born	21 December 1773 Montrose, Scotland
Died	10 June 1858 (aged 84) London, England
Nationality	Scottish
Fields	Botany
Known for	Brownian motion

Brownian motion is named after the Scottish botanist, Robert Brown, who discovered it in 1827. He was making a routine examination under a microscope of some pollen grains suspended in water when he noticed they were all vibrating. [Vibration is a movement first in one direction and then back again in the opposite direction. It is exhibited, for example, by a swinging pendulum. Random vibrations are exhibited by the molecules in matter. Any simple vibration is described by three factors: its amplitude, or size; its frequency, or rate of oscillation; and the phase, or timing of the oscillations relative to some fixed time.] At first Robert Brown thought this was because they were alive, but the same thing happened with small particles of dye that were obviously dead. The smaller particles moved around more than the larger ones and there was no sign at all that they would ever settle down. We now know that this motion is due to the bombardment of the particles by molecules of water (or a ny other liquid or gas in which they are suspended). The bombardment takes place from all directions and normally the resulting forces on the particle cancel out. With a very small particle, the number of molecules hitting it will also be smaller. Exact cancella­tion of the forces is therefore less likely to occur, making the particle move. The movement of molecules was quite unknown when Brown made his discovery. This had to wait till Maxwell had worked out the kinetic theory about 40 years later. Relating the kinetic theory to Brownian motion had to wait another 35 years, when in 1905, Einstein published a theoretical analysis of Brownian motion. He saw it as a crucial test of the kinetic theory, even of the atomic/molecular nature of matter. Previous discussions of the phenomenon had all been qualitative—Einstein demonstrated that careful observation of Brownian motion could reveal the actual size of molecules, that is, find Avogadro’s number. Einstein worked out all the mathe­matical details. His formula predicted the distance the particles would move in a certain time according to their size. He was even able to relate this to the size of the mol­ecules causing the motion. Soon after, experiments con­firmed Einstein's theory and gave good values of molecular and atomic sizes. Even though the atomic theory of matter was 100 years old by this time, there were still a few eminent scientists who thought that atoms were merely a convenient fiction. Einstein's analysis of Brownian motion finally convinced even the last remaining diehards that molecules really did exist, for here was the first time that their effect could be directly observed rather than deduced.

Distinguished Men of Science. Notes to the text:…is less likely to occur –..маловероятно произойдёт Comprehension check 2 0. Choose the appropriate ending a, b, or c: 1.Brownian motion is named after a)French scientist b)English physicist c)Scottish botanist 2.Random vibrations are exhibited by a )neutrons b)molecules c)atoms 3.Any simple vibration is described by a)its amplitude b)frequency c)amplitude, frequency, the phase 4.Pollen grains were a)alive b)dead c)strange 5.The bombardment takes place a)from one direction b)from different directions c)from all directions 6.The movement of molecules was a)quite known b)quite unknown c)quite unexpected 7. Soon after experiments confirmed a)Maxwell’s theory b)Brown’s theory c)Einstein’s theory 21. Find answers to the following questions: 1.When was Brownian motion discovered? 2.What did Robert Brown notice during a routine examination under a microscope of some pollen grains? 3.What is vibration from the physical point of view? 4.What kind of vibration is exhibited in matter? 5.Is any simple vibration described by two or three factors? 6.The smaller particles moved around more than the larger ones, didn’t they? 7.What do we know now about motion of particles? 8.What kind of bombardment takes place? 9.Was the movement of molecules quite unknown when Brown made his discovery? 10.Forty years later Maxwell worked out the kinetic theory, didn’t he? 11.Who published a theoretical analysis of Brownian motion? 12.What did Einstein demonstrate? 13.Did Einstein’s analysis really prove the existence of molecules? 22. Put the jumbled sentences in the logical order to sum up the contents of the text. The bombardment takes place from all directions and normally the resulting forces on the particle cancel out. His formula predicted the distance the particles would move in a certain time according to their size. Brownian motion is named after the Scottish botanist, Robert Brown, who discovered it in 1827. The smaller particles moved around more than the larger ones. He noticed they were all vibrating. R andom vibrations are exhibited by the molecules in matter. Vibration is a movement first in one direction and then back again in the opposite direction This motion is due to the bombardment of the particles by molecules of water (or any other liquid or gas in which they are suspended). The movement of molecules was quite unknown when Brown made his discovery. In 1905 Einstein published a theoretical analysis of Brownian motion. Einstein demonstrated that careful observation of Brownian motion could reveal the actual size of molecules, Soon after, experiments con­firmed Einstein's theory and gave good values of molecular and atomic sizes.

ADDITIONAL TEXT.

Find all –ing forms in the text and define them. Translate the text in a written form.

Diffusion is  a process resulting from random motion of molecules by which there is a net flow of matter from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. A familiar example is the perfume of a flower that quickly permeates the still air of a room.

Heat conduction in fluids involves thermal energy transported, or diffused, from higher to lower temperature. Operation of a nuclear reactor involves the diffusion of neutrons through a medium that causes frequent scattering but only rare absorption of neutrons.

It is found that the rate of flow of the diffusing substance is proportional to the concentration gradient. If j is the amount of substance passing through a reference surface of unit area per unit time, if the coordinate x is perpendicular to this reference area, if c is the concentration of the substance, and if the constant of proportionality is D, then j = -D(dc/dx); dc/dx is the rate of change of concentration in the direction x, and the minus sign indicates the flow is from higher to lower concentration. D is called the diffusivity and governs the rate of diffusion.

23.Speak on the problem described in the text “BROWNIAN MOTION”. Make use of the following prompts:

1. The main idea of the text is …

The text runs (is) about …

2. At first the author describes (defines, analyzes, determines, considers, regards, states that, etc)…

3. Then the author passes on (to) (turns to) the description (analysis, definition, determination, consideration, etc) of ….

It is pointed out (indicated, showed, admitted, etc) that …

4. At the end of the text the author draws the following conclusion …

The author concludes by stating (pointing out, stressing, underlining, emphasizing, etc) that …

5. In my opinion (to my mind, I think (suppose, believe, etc) that …

24. Watch the films and give short summaries of them in a written form. What /new/information can you learn from them? Use expressions from Exercise 23.

25.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY FOR

UNIT 7

named after названный в честь

to discover обнаружить

to suspend подвешивать, подвесить

to notice заметить

to vibrate вибрировать

to exhibit показывать проявлять

to swing качаться

to describe описывать

to oscillate колебаться

to think считать полагать

to happen происходить

to move around передвигаться

to settle down успокоиться

to know знать

t o be due to благодаря

to take place иметь место состояться

to cancel out отменить

to hit ударять

to occur случаться происходить

to wait ждать ожидать

to work out разрабатывать

to relate to относиться к

to publish публиковать

to see видеть понимать

to reveal обнаружить

to predict предсказывать

to cause заставлять , вызвать

to confirm подтвердить

to convince убедить

to remain оставаться

to exist существовать

to observe наблюдать

to deduce выводить

to result from происходить, являться результатом

to permeate проникать

to involve включать в себя

to transport переносить

to diffuse распространяться, диффундировать

t o scatter рассеивать, рассеять

to absorb поглощать

to pass through пройти через, проникать

to indicate указывать, показывать

to govern управлять