2. Выпишите из текста и переведите все слова, которые относятся к политическому управлению.
3. Найдите в тексте интернациональные слова.
4. Выпишите из англо-русского словаря все значения следующих полисемантичных слов: house, law, charge, justice, associate; определите, в каком из значений они употреблены в тексте.
5. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания, составьте с ними предложения: according to the law, to administer (apply, enforce) a law, to annul (repeal, revoke) a law, to be at law with smb., to break (flout, violate) a law, to cite a law, to declare a law unconstitutional, to draft a law, to interpret a law, to obey (observe) a law, to promulgate a law, to take the law into one's own hands, fair (just) law, stringent law, unfair law, unwritten law, in law, to adopt a law, to enact a law, to go beyond the law, to keep within the law, to lay down the law, to pass a law, higher law, shield law, antitrust law, blue law, sunset law, sunshine law, lynch law, Mosaic law, administrative law, business (commercial) law, civil law, to read / study law, to practice law, to go to law, law school, substantive law, labor law, public law, constitutional law, international law, copyright law.
6. Выпишите в тетрадь словарную семью следующих слов: agreement, effect, member, natural, civilian, serve
7. Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания, одним из компонентов которых являются слова citizen и vote, составьте предложения с этими словосочетаниями: законопослушный гражданин, приезжий (человек, переселившийся в другой город), выходец из низов (человек "второго сорта"), уроженец, пожилой гражданин, уважаемый человек, знаменитый (известный) человек, поставить вопрос на голосование, добиться активного участия в голосовании своих предполагаемых сторонников, выборочное голосование, поощрительное голосование, однопалатное голосование, голоса избирателей, голоса тех, кто не голосовал, вотум недоверия, выборочный опрос общественного мнения.
8. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя активную лексику:
1. Президент – это глава государства в странах с республиканской формой правления (republican government).
2. В парламентарных республиках (Италия, Индия, ФРГ, Турция, Ливан) президент избирается на установленный конституцией срок либо парламентом, либо особой коллегией (presidential elector), основу которой составляет парламент.
3. В президентских республиках президент избирается внепарламентским путём (extraparliamentary): посредством прямых (Франция, Панама, Парагвай, Колумбия, Коста-Рика, Боливия) или косвенных (США, Аргентина) выборов (direct elections).
4. В президентских республиках президент обладает обширными фактическими полномочиями, т.к. он соединяет в своих руках функции главы государства (head of state) и главы правительства (political executive).
5. Конституции парламентарных республик формально наделяют президент широкими полномочиями, но фактически они осуществляются премьер-министром.
Work on the Text
9. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
10. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
What does “a presidential republic” mean?
Who can become a senator?
Who can become the President of the USA?
What is the Congress responsible for?
What is the structure of the Supreme Court?
11. Выделите наиболее значимые предложения в тексте.
12. Сделайте обратный перевод данного текста.
13. Перескажите текст на английском языке.
Discussion
14. Поясните, что подразумевают следующие высказывания:
The Congress can pass the law anyway if it gets a two-thirds majority vote.
The President must be a natural citizen of the USA.
The Supreme Court can decide if a law is constitutional, that is, if it is in agreement with the Constitution.
15. Обсудите в группе, насколько, на ваш взгляд, велики полномочия президента США.
Grammar Revision
(Modal Verbs, Сonditional Сlause, Auxiliary Verb)
16. Прочитайте и переведите все предложения с модальными глаголами. Замените глаголы can, may, must на их эквиваленты.
17. Выпишите и переведи все условные предложения, обратите внимание на видо-временную формы их сказуемых.
18. Подчеркните все вспомогательные глаголы, укажите, компонентами каких глагольных форм они являются.
19. Определите грамматические явления подчёркнутых слов, назовите их синтаксическую функцию.
Each state of the USA has two senators, who are elected every 6 years.
A senator must be at least 30 years old and live in the state she or he will represent.
The job of the Congress is to make laws.
The Senate votes to approve the justices that the President appoints to the Supreme Court.
In addition, he must have lived in the US for at least 14 years, and be a civilian.
However, if he disagrees with the law, he can veto it.
Text 5
STATE SYSTEM OF CANADA
The form of the government of Canada is a constitutional monarchy.
Canada is ruled by a parliamentary system with the head of state officially remaining the monarch of Britain. Within Canada the appointed governor general is the monarch's representative. The upper house, or Senate, is made up of appointees. Mostly it acts as a rubber stamp for the wishes of the elected lower house, or House of Commons. Senate reform, or its abolition, is an ongoing debate within the country.
The head of the political party with the most elected representatives in the House of Commons becomes the prime minister, the leader of the country. From the members of parliament within the governing party, the prime minister selects a cabinet which, in effect, runs the country and initiates legislation. Unlike in the USA, leaders can run for as long as they maintain popular support within their party. Governments are elected for five years, but elections can be called earlier.
The 10 provinces are largely self-governing and are presided over by premiers, elected provincially. Each province has a lieutenant governor appointed by the federal government. The two northern territories are for the most part the domain of the federal government, although more independence is being sought and some has been granted to the eastern part of the Northwest Territories.
The constitution consists of both written proclamations under the Constitution Acts (1867 and 1932) and unwritten conventions. Updating, changing and clarifying constitutional matters and the balance of powers between the provinces and between them and the federal government are on-going contentious issues.
Governor General - генерал-губернатор (представитель британской короны, выполняющий функции главы государства в некоторых странах Содружества; назначается британской королевой по предложению главы правительства страны Содружества; статус генерал-губернатора подобен статусу королевы в Великобритании: выполняет ряд церемониальных функций, осуществляет свою деятельность исключительно в соответствии с конституционной конвенцией и рекомендациями главы правительства (премьер-министра); следует подчеркнуть, что генерал губернатор является представителем особы монарха, а не правительства Великобритании)
rubber stamp - "штамповщик" (член законодательного собрания или политический деятель, действующий по команде политического босса или слепо следующий указаниям исполнительной власти, то есть лицо, голосующее не по убеждению, а лишь слепо "штампующее" предложенные проекты решений)
premier ['premɪə] - премьер (в федеративном государстве: глава регионального правительства, напр., в австралийских штатах, провинциях Канады, Китая)
lieutenant governor - 1) вице-губернатор, лейтенант-губернатор (титул руководителя страны, представителя английского монарха на Нормандских островах и острове Мэн) 2) лейтенант-губернатор, губернатор провинции (в английских колониях: представитель британского монарха на уровне провинций; в отличие от генерал-губернатора - представителя главы государства на уровне страны) 3) губернатор провинции (в современной Канаде) 4) заместитель губернатора, вице-губернатор (штата)
Work on the Text
1. Найдите в англо-русском словаре значения подчеркнутых слов и выражений, выпишите их и выучите наизусть. Найдите в тексте интернациональные слова, дайте их русский эквивалент.
2. Выделите подлежащее и сказуемое в каждом предложении, определите видо-временную форму сказуемого, укажите инфинитив и его перевод.
3. Подчеркните в тексте неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие I ,причастие II, герундий), назовите их и укажите их функцию предложении.
4. Определите грамматические явления подчёркнутых слов, назовите их синтаксическую функцию.
1. Canada is ruled by a parliamentary system with the head of state officially remaining the monarch of Britain.
2. Within Canada the appointed governor general is the monarch's representative.
3. The head of the political party with the most elected representatives in the House of Commons becomes the prime minister.
4. Governments are elected for five years, but elections can be called earlier.
5. Updating, changing and clarifying constitutional matters and the balance of powers between the provinces and between them and the federal government are on-going contentious issues.
5. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
6. Поставьте 5 вопросов к тексту.
7. Выделите наиболее значимые предложения в тексте. Переведите их на русский язык. Подготовьте обратный перевод данных предложений.
8. Подготовьте реферирование текста.
9. Поясните, что подразумевают следующие высказывания:
1. The two northern territories are for the most part the domain of the federal government, although more independence is being sought and some has been granted to the eastern part of the Northwest Territories.
2. Unlike in the USA, leaders can run for as long as they maintain popular support within their party.
3. Mostly it acts as a rubber stamp for the wishes of the elected lower house, or House of Commons.
10. Обсудите в группе преимущества и недостатки канадской парламентской системы с монархом Великобритании в качестве главы государства.
Text 6
STATE SYSTEM OF AUSTRAILIA
Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a federal division of powers. It uses a parliamentary system of government with Queen Elizabeth II at its apex as the Queen of Australia, a role that is distinct from her position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen resides in the United Kingdom, and she is represented by her viceroys in Australia (the Governor-General at the federal level and by the Governors at the state level), who by convention act on the advice of her ministers. Supreme executive authority is vested by the Constitution of Australia in the sovereign, but the power to exercise it is conferred by the Constitution specifically on the Governor-General. The most notable exercise to date of the Governor-General's reserve powers outside the Prime Minister's request was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of 1975.
The federal government is separated into three branches:
• The legislature: the bicameral Parliament, defined in section 1 of the constitution as comprising the Queen (represented by the Governor-General), the Senate, and the House of Representatives;
• The executive: the Federal Executive Council, in practice the Governor-General as advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State;
• The judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Council.
In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory). The House of Representatives (the lower house) has 150 members elected from single-member electoral divisions, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats", allocated to states on the basis of population, with each original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats. Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years, simultaneously; senators have overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the lower house; thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution.
Whitlam, Gough [ˈwɪtləm] - (b.1916), Australian Labor statesman, Prime Minister 1972–1975; full name Edward Gough Whitlam. Whitlam ended compulsory military service and relaxed the immigration laws. In 1975 he refused to call a general election and became the first elected Prime Minister to be dismissed by the British Crown
Work on the Text
1. Найдите в англо-русском словаре значения подчеркнутых слов и выражений, выпишите их и выучите наизусть. Найдите в тексте интернациональные слова, дайте их русский эквивалент.
2. Выделите подлежащее и сказуемое в каждом предложении, определите видо-временную форму сказуемого, укажите инфинитив и его перевод.
3. Подчеркните в тексте неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие I ,причастие II, герундий), назовите их и укажите их функцию предложении.
4. Определите грамматические явления подчёркнутых слов, назовите их синтаксическую функцию.
1. The Queen resides in the United Kingdom, and she is represented by her viceroys in Australia, who by convention act on the advice of her ministers.
2. The most notable exercise to date of the Governor-General's reserve powers outside the Prime Minister's request was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of 1975.
3. In the Senate, there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories.
4. The House of Representatives has 150 members elected from single-member electoral divisions, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats".
5. Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years, simultaneously.
5. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
6. Поставьте 5 вопросов к тексту.
7. Выделите наиболее значимые предложения в тексте. Переведите их на русский язык. Подготовьте обратный перевод данных предложений.
8. Подготовьте реферирование текста.
9. Поясните, что подразумевают следующие высказывания:
1. The Queen resides in the United Kingdom, and she is represented by her viceroys in Australia (the Governor-General at the federal level and by the Governors at the state level), who by convention act on the advice of her ministers.
2. Supreme executive authority is vested by the Constitution of Australia in the sovereign, but the power to exercise it is conferred by the Constitution specifically on the Governor-General.
3. The most notable exercise to date of the Governor-General's reserve powers outside the Prime Minister's request was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of 1975.
10. Обсудите в группе, в чем суть и плюсы т.н. a double dissolution.
Text 7
STATE SYSTEM OF GERMANY
Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity.
The president is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the Bundesversammlung (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the Bundestagspräsident (President of the Bundestag), who is elected by the Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.
The third-highest official and the head of government is the Chancellor, who is appointed by the Bundespräsident after being elected by the Bundestag. The chancellor, currently Angela Merkel, is the head of government and exercises executive power, similar to the role of a Prime Minister in other parliamentary democracies.
Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the Bundestag (Federal Diet) and Bundesrat (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The Bundestag is elected through direct elections, by proportional representation (mixed-member). The members of the Bundesrat represent the governments of the sixteen federated states and are members of the state cabinets.
Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party (which had members in the Bundestag from 1949 to 2013) and the Alliance '90/The Greens (which has had seats in parliament since 1983) have also played important roles.
Minor parties such as The Left, Free Voters and the Pirate Party are represented in some state parliaments.
Grundgesetz - основной закон,конституция
Bundesversammlung - федеральное собрание (государственно-правовой институт в ФРГ, Австрии и Швейцарии)
Bundestagspräsident - председатель бундестага
Bundespräsident - 1) федеральный президент (ФРГ, Австрия) 2) президент Швейцарской Конфедерации
Bundestag - бундестаг, федеральный парламент (ФРГ)
Bundesrat - 1) бундесрат (палата земель в парламентах ФРГ и Австрии) 2) федеральный совет (правительство) Швейцарской Конфедерации 3) депутат палаты земель (Австрия)
Work on the Text
1. Найдите в англо-русском словаре значения подчеркнутых слов и выражений, выпишите их и выучите наизусть. Найдите в тексте интернациональные слова, дайте их русский эквивалент.
2. Выделите подлежащее и сказуемое в каждом предложении, определите видо-временную форму сказуемого, укажите инфинитив и его перевод.
3. Подчеркните в тексте неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие I ,причастие II, герундий), назовите их и укажите их функцию предложении.
4. Определите грамматические явления подчёркнутых слов, назовите их синтаксическую функцию.
1. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the Grundgesetz.
2. Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity.
3. The third highest official and the head of government is the Chancellor, who is appointed by the Bundespräsident after being elected by the Bundestag.
5. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
6. Поставьте 5 вопросов к тексту.
7. Выделите наиболее значимые предложения в тексте. Переведите их на русский язык. Подготовьте обратный перевод данных предложений.
8. Подготовьте реферирование текста.
9. Поясните, что подразумевают следующие высказывания:
1. Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic.
2. The chancellor is the head of government and exercises executive power, similar to the role of a Prime Minister in other parliamentary democracies.
3. The Bundestag is elected through direct elections, by proportional representation (mixed-member).
10. Обсудите в группе отличия государственного управления в ФРГ от стран англо-саксонского типа.
Text 8
STATE SYSTEM OF FRANCE
France is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, in which the President of France is head of state and the Prime Minister of France is the head of government, and there is a pluriform, multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the government, Senate and National Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
The government of the French Republic is a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the fifth Republic. The nation declares itself to be an "indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic". The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789."
The national government of France is divided into an executive, a legislative and a judicial branch. The President shares executive power with his or her appointee, the Prime Minister. The cabinet globally, including the Prime Minister, can be revoked by the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, through a "censure motion"; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority of the lower house (which, on most topics, has prominence over the upper house).
Parliament comprises the National Assembly and the Senate. It passes statutes and votes on the budget; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of enquiry. The constitutionality of the statutes is checked by the Constitutional Council, members of which are appointed by the President of the Republic, the President of the National Assembly, and the President of the Senate. Former Presidents of the Republic also are members of the Council.
The independent judiciary is based on a civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes. It is divided into the judicial branch (dealing with civil law and criminal law) and the administrative branch (dealing with appeals against executive decisions), each with their own independent supreme court of appeal: the Court of Cassation for the judicial courts and the Conseil d'Etat for the administrative courts. The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies.
France is a unitary state. However, the administrative subdivisions—the régions, départements and communes—have various legal functions, and the national government is prohibited from intruding into their normal operations.
France was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community, later the European Union. As such, France has transferred part of its sovereignty to European institutions, as provided by its constitution. The French government therefore has to abide by European treaties, directives and regulations.
Conseil d'Etat - Государственный Совет (апелляционная и кассационная инстанция по делам административной юстиции)
région - район; округ; регион (административное образование, включающее несколько департаментов, созданное для управления общими делами)
département - департамент (административно-территориальная единица во Франции)
commune - коммуна (низшая единица в административно-территориальном делении)
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) - Европейское объединение [общество, сообщество] угля и стали, ЕОУС (сформировано в 1951 г. на основе Парижского договора; изначально включало Францию, ФРГ, Италию, Бельгию, Люксембург и Нидерланды; страны-участницы обязались объединить свои ресурсы угля и стали путем создания единого рынка угля и стали, совместного контроля над экспортом и импортом и создания единого рынка труда; одна из организаций, ставших в 1967 г. основой для создания Европейского сообщества; в 2002 г., когда истек срок действия Парижского договора, полномочия ЕОУС в соответствии с Ниццким договором перешли к Европейскому сообществу)
Work on the Text
1. Найдите в англо-русском словаре значения подчеркнутых слов и выражений, выпишите их и выучите наизусть. Найдите в тексте интернациональные слова, дайте их русский эквивалент.
2. Выделите подлежащее и сказуемое в каждом предложении, определите видо-временную форму сказуемого, укажите инфинитив и его перевод.
3. Подчеркните в тексте неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие I ,причастие II, герундий), назовите их и укажите их функцию предложении.
4. Определите грамматические явления подчёркнутых слов, назовите их синтаксическую функцию.
1. The government of the French Republic is a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the fifth Republic.
2. The cabinet globally, including the Prime Minister, can be revoked by the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, through a "censure motion".
3. Parliament passes statutes and votes on the budget; it controls the action of the executive through formal questioning on the floor of the houses of Parliament and by establishing commissions of enquiry.
4. The independent judiciary is based on a civil law system which evolved from the Napoleonic codes.
5. The French government includes various bodies that check abuses of power and independent agencies.
5. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
6. Поставьте 5 вопросов к тексту.
7. Выделите наиболее значимые предложения в тексте. Переведите их на русский язык. Подготовьте обратный перевод данных предложений.
8. Подготовьте реферирование текста.
9. Поясните, что подразумевают следующие высказывания:
1. France is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic.
2. France is a unitary state.
3. The President shares executive power with his or her appointee, the Prime Minister.
10. Обсудите в группе, в чем сходство и отличие систем власти РФ и Франции.
Text 9
STATE SYSTEM OF ITALY
Italy has been a unitary parliamentary republic since 2 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by a constitutional referendum. The President of Italy (Presidente della Repubblica), currently Giorgio Napolitano since 2006, is Italy's head of state. The President is elected for a single seven years mandate by the Parliament of Italy in joint session. Italy has a written democratic constitution, resulting from the work of a Constituent Assembly formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the Civil War.
Italy has a parliamentary government based on a proportional voting system. The parliament is perfectly bicameral: the two houses, the Chamber of Deputies (that meets in Palazzo Montecitorio) and the Senate of the Republic (that meets in Palazzo Madama), have the same powers. The Prime Minister, officially President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is Italy's head of government. The Prime Minister and the cabinet are appointed by the President of the Republic, but must pass a vote of confidence in Parliament to become in office.
While the office is similar to those in most other parliamentary systems, the Italian prime minister has less authority than some of his counterparts. The prime minister is not authorized to request the dissolution of Parliament or dismiss ministers (that are exclusive prerogatives of the President of the Republic) and must receive a vote of approval from the Council of Ministers—which holds effective executive power—to execute most political activities.
A peculiarity of the Italian Parliament is the representation given to Italian citizens permanently living abroad: 12 Deputies and 6 Senators elected in four distinct overseas constituencies. In addition, the Italian Senate is characterized also by a small number of senators for life, appointed by the President "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". Former Presidents of the Republic are ex officio life senators.
Constituent assembly- учредительное собрание
Chamber of Deputies - палата депутатов (нижняя палата парламента в некоторых странах, в том числе в Аргентине, Боливии, Бельгии, Бразилии, Чили, Хорватии,Чехии, Джибути, Домениканской республике, Греции, Италии, Люксембурге, Мексике, Парагвае и Испании)
vote of confidence - вотум доверия (голосование в парламенте, одобряющее деятельность правительства; отличается от вотума недоверия только формулировкой)
Work on the Text
1. Найдите в англо-русском словаре значения подчеркнутых слов и выражений, выпишите их и выучите наизусть. Найдите в тексте интернациональные слова, дайте их русский эквивалент.
2. Выделите подлежащее и сказуемое в каждом предложении, определите видо-временную форму сказуемого, укажите инфинитив и его перевод.
3. Подчеркните в тексте неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие I ,причастие II, герундий), назовите их и укажите их функцию предложении.
4. Определите грамматические явления подчёркнутых слов, назовите их синтаксическую функцию.
1. Italy has been a unitary parliamentary republic since 2 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by a constitutional referendum.
2. Italy has a written democratic constitution, resulting from the work of a Constituent Assembly formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the Civil War.
3. The Prime Minister and the cabinet are appointed by the President of the Republic, but must pass a vote of confidence in Parliament to become in office.
4. While the office is similar to those in most other parliamentary systems, the Italian prime minister has less authority than some of his counterparts.
5. The prime minister is not authorized to request the dissolution of Parliament or dismiss ministers (that are exclusive prerogatives of the President of the Republic) and must receive a vote of approval from the Council of Ministers.
5. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
6. Поставьте 5 вопросов к тексту.
7. Выделите наиболее значимые предложения в тексте. Переведите их на русский язык. Подготовьте обратный перевод данных предложений.
8. Подготовьте реферирование текста.
9. Поясните, что подразумевают следующие высказывания:
1. Italy has a parliamentary government based on a proportional voting system.
2. The Italian Senate is characterized by a small number of senators for life, appointed by the President "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field".
3. Former Presidents of the Republic are ex officio life senators.
10. Обсудите в группе, как Вы относитесь к особенности парламента в Италии давать представительство итальянским гражданам, постоянно проживающим за границей.
Text 10
STATE SYSTEM OF SPAIN
Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales (General Courts). The executive branch consists of a Council of Ministers of Spain presided over by the Prime Minister, nominated and appointed by the monarch and confirmed by the Congress of Deputies following legislative elections. By political custom established by King Juan Carlos since the ratification of the 1978 Constitution, the king's nominees have all been from parties who maintain a plurality of seats in the Congress.
The legislative branch is made up of the Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) with 350 members, elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms, and a Senate (Senado) with 259 seats of which 208 are directly elected by popular vote and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to also serve four-year terms.
Spain is organizationally structured as a so-called Estado de las Autonomías ("State of Autonomies"); it is one of the most decentralized countries in Europe, along with Switzerland, Germany and Belgium; for example, all Autonomous Communities have their own elected parliaments, governments, public administrations, budgets, and resources. Health and education systems among others are managed regionally, and in addition, the Basque Country and Navarre also manage their own public finances based on legal provisions. In Catalonia and the Basque Country, a full fledged autonomous police corps replaces some of the State police functions.
General Court - Генеральный совет (двухпалатное законодательное собрание)
Congress of Deputies – палата депутатов
nominee - кандидат, номинант (лицо, предложенное на какую-л. должность либо выдвинутое на выборах или на соискание какой-л. премии, титула; также кандидат, которого предстоит выбрать среди конкурентов, напр., на вакантное место)
Basque Country ['bæsk -] - Баскония, Страна Басков (автономная область на севере Испании)
Work on the Text
1. Найдите в англо-русском словаре значения подчеркнутых слов и выражений, выпишите их и выучите наизусть. Найдите в тексте интернациональные слова, дайте их русский эквивалент.
2. Выделите подлежащее и сказуемое в каждом предложении, определите видо-временную форму сказуемого, укажите инфинитив и его перевод.
3. Подчеркните в тексте неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие I ,причастие II, герундий), назовите их и укажите их функцию предложении.
4. Определите грамматические явления подчёркнутых слов, назовите их синтаксическую функцию.
1. By political custom established by King Juan Carlos since the ratification of the 1978 Constitution, the king's nominees have all been from parties who maintain a plurality of seats in the Congress.
2. Spain is organizationally structured as a State of Autonomies.
3. It is one of the most decentralized countries in Europe, along with Switzerland, Germany and Belgium; for example, all Autonomous Communities have their own elected parliaments, governments, public administrations, budgets, and resources.
4. Health and education systems among others are managed regionally, and in addition, the Basque Country and Navarre also manage their own public finances based on legal provisions.
5. In Catalonia and the Basque Country, a full fledged autonomous police corps replaces some of the State police functions.
5. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
6. Поставьте 5 вопросов к тексту.
7. Выделите наиболее значимые предложения в тексте. Переведите их на русский язык. Подготовьте обратный перевод данных предложений.
8. Подготовьте реферирование текста.
9. Поясните, что подразумевают следующие высказывания:
1. The executive branch consists of a Council of Ministers of Spain presided over by the Prime Minister, nominated and appointed by the monarch and confirmed by the Congress of Deputies following legislative elections.
2. By political custom established by King Juan Carlos, the king's nominees have all been from parties who maintain a plurality of seats in the Congress.
3. Spain is one of the most decentralized countries in Europe, along with Switzerland, Germany and Belgium.
10. Обсудите в группе, в чем сходство и отличие конституционной монархии Испании и Великбритании.
Text 11
STATE SYSTEM OF JAPAN
Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people." Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people. Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan; Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne.
Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The Diet consists of a House of Representatives with 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved, and a House of Councilors of 242 seats, whose popularly elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age, with a secret ballot for all elected offices. The Diet is dominated by the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan and the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The LDP has enjoyed near continuous electoral success since 1955, except for a brief 11 month period between 1993 and 1994, and from 2009 to 2012. It holds 294 seats in the lower house and 83 seats in the upper house.
The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government and is appointed by the Emperor after being designated by the Diet from among its members. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet, and he appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State. Although the Prime Minister is formally appointed by the Emperor, the Constitution of Japan explicitly requires the Emperor to appoint whoever is designated by the Diet.
Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki. However, since the late 19th century the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on a draft of the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch; with post–World War II modifications, the code remains in effect. Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature and has the rubber stamp of the Emperor. The Constitution requires that the Emperor promulgate legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose legislation. Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.
Diet - парламент (в Японии и некоторых других странах)
bürgerliches Gesetzbuch - Гражданский кодекс
statutory law - статутное право (право, выраженное в законодательных актах)
Work on the Text
1. Найдите в англо-русском словаре значения подчеркнутых слов и выражений, выпишите их и выучите наизусть. Найдите в тексте интернациональные слова, дайте их русский эквивалент.
2. Выделите подлежащее и сказуемое в каждом предложении, определите видо-временную форму сказуемого, укажите инфинитив и его перевод.
3. Подчеркните в тексте неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие I ,причастие II, герундий), назовите их и укажите их функцию предложении.
4. Определите грамматические явления подчёркнутых слов, назовите их синтаксическую функцию.
1. Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people.
2. Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament.
3. The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government and is appointed by the Emperor after being designated by the Diet from among its members.
4. Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki.
5. However, since the late 19th century the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably Germany.
5. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
6. Поставьте 5 вопросов к тексту.
7. Выделите наиболее значимые предложения в тексте. Переведите их на русский язык. Подготовьте обратный перевод данных предложений.
8. Подготовьте реферирование текста.
9. Поясните, что подразумевают следующие высказывания:
1. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people."
2. Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people.
3. Although the Prime Minister is formally appointed by the Emperor, the Constitution of Japan explicitly requires the Emperor to appoint whoever is designated by the Diet.
10. Обсудите в группе, насколько ограничены полномочия монарха Японии.
Text 12
STATE SYSTEM OF CHINA
The People's Republic of China is one of the world's few remaining socialist states openly endorsing communism. The Chinese government has been variously described as communist and socialist, but also as authoritarian and corporatist, with heavy restrictions in many areas, most notably against free access to the Internet, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, the right to have children, free formation of social organizations and freedom of religion. Its current political and economic system has been termed by its leaders as "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and as the "socialist market economy" respectively.
The country is ruled by the Communist Party of China (CPC), whose power is enshrined in China's constitution. The Chinese electoral system is hierarchical, whereby local People's Congresses are directly elected, and all higher levels of People's Congresses up to the National People's Congress (NPC) are indirectly elected by the People's Congress of the level immediately below. The political system is decentralized, and provincial and sub-provincial leaders have a significant amount of autonomy. There are other political parties in China, referred to in China as democratic parties, which participate in the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).
Compared to its closed-door policies until the mid-1970s, the liberalization of China has resulted in the administrative climate being less restrictive than before. China supports the Leninist principle of "democratic centralism", but the elected National People's Congress has been described as a "rubber stamp" body. The incumbent President is Xi Jinping, who is also the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. The current Premier is Li Keqiang, who is also a senior member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee.
National People's Congress - Всекитайское собрание народных представителей (ВСНП)
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) - Народный политический консультативный совет Китая
Central Military Commission - Центральный военный совет КНР
CPC Politburo Standing Committee - Постоянный комитет (ПК ВСНП)
Work on the Text
1. Найдите в англо-русском словаре значения подчеркнутых слов и выражений, выпишите их и выучите наизусть. Найдите в тексте интернациональные слова, дайте их русский эквивалент.
2. Выделите подлежащее и сказуемое в каждом предложении, определите видо-временную форму сказуемого, укажите инфинитив и его перевод.
3. Подчеркните в тексте неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие I ,причастие II, герундий), назовите их и укажите их функцию предложении.
4. Определите грамматические явления подчёркнутых слов, назовите их синтаксическую функцию.
1. The People's Republic of China is one of the world's few remaining socialist states openly endorsing communism.
2. The Chinese government has been variously described as communist and socialist, but also as authoritarian and corporatist, with heavy restrictions in many areas.
3. There are other political parties in China, referred to in China as democratic parties, which participate in the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).
4. Compared to its closed-door policies until the mid-1970s, the liberalization of China has resulted in the administrative climate being less restrictive than before.
5. The current Premier is Li Keqiang, who is also a senior member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee.
5. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
6. Поставьте 5 вопросов к тексту.
7. Выделите наиболее значимые предложения в тексте. Переведите их на русский язык. Подготовьте обратный перевод данных предложений.
8. Подготовьте реферирование текста.
9. Поясните, что подразумевают следующие высказывания:
1. The People's Republic of China is one of the world's few remaining socialist states openly endorsing communism.
2. The political system is decentralized, and provincial and sub-provincial leaders have a significant amount of autonomy.
3. China supports the Leninist principle of "democratic centralism", but the elected National People's Congress has been described as a "rubber stamp" body.
10. Обсудите в группе, какие преимущества и недостатки имеет социалистическая система государственного управления.
TRANSLATION PRACTICE