Резунова м.В.

STATE SYSTEM

Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку

для студентов специальности

«Государственное и муниципальное управление»

БРЯНСК

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Text 1

A SYSTEM OF POWER

A system of power is a complex of organically connected and bonded together governmental bodies, establishments and persons given the highest authority, and also political parties and organizations, directly having the power and putting it into life.

The sources of power in a democratically organized community are its people, and its system. First of all, key figures within this structure should be under control of the people. This system is the core of legal functioning and serves as the foundation of state and public life. Its main parts are legislative and executive power.

If we want finally to live as normal people, we should seriously think which system of power we subject to and how it is possible to improve it, how to make it suitable for the interests of our people and what can be taken from foreign, world experience. But one of the main problems is that we are not the only ones, who don’t have a good system of modern power. Humanity hasn’t yet worked out a suitable and ideal system. That is why we should build our own power by considering all positive and negative aspects of the world’s system and our one. But we should not forget that a power works well only when its authority is clearly and definitely determined.

Word Study

1. Найдите в англо-русском словаре значения следующих слов и выражений; выучите слова наизусть: power, state, establishment, community, humanity, foreign, legislative power, executive power, governmental body, the highest authority, to be under control, the core of functioning, to serves as.

2. Выпишите из текста и переведите все слова, которые относятся к политическому управлению.

3. Назовите интернациональные слова в тексте.

4. Выпишите из англо-русского словаря все значения следующих полисемантичных слов: state, power, system, body, work; определите, в каком из значений они употреблены в тексте.

5. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания, составьте с ними предложения: abuse of power, to assume power, to be in power, to come to power, constitutional power, defence power, to exercise one's power, to exert one's power, to hold power, inherent powers, large powers, rival power, sole voting power, supreme power, the Great Powers.

6. Переведите дефиниции слов power и authority, взятые из толкового словаря Webster’s New World Dictionary and Thesaurus. Выясните смысловые оттенки значения власть следующих слов синонимического ряда: power - authority - jurisdiction - dominion - sway – control- command.

POWER

1 ability to do, act, or produce

2 a specific ability or faculty (the power of hearing)

3 great ability to do, act, or affect strongly; vigor; force; strength

4 a) the ability to control others; authority; sway; influence b) [pl.] special authority assigned to or exercised by a person or group holding office c) legal ability or authority; also, a document giving it

5 a source of physical or mechanical force or energy; force or energy that is at, or can be put to, work: electric power, water power"

6 the rate at which work is done: abbrev. P

7 a person or thing having great influence, force, or authority

8 a nation, esp. one having influence or domination over other nations (the great powers)

9 national might or political strength

AUTHORITY

1 a) the power or right to give commands, enforce obedience, take action, or make final decisions; jurisdiction b) the position of one having such power (a person in authority)

2 such power as delegated to another; authorization; warrant

3 power or influence resulting from knowledge, prestige, etc.

4 the citation of a writing, decision, etc. in support of an opinion, action, etc.

5 reliability of a source or witness

6 a) [pl.] persons, esp. in government, having the power or right to enforce orders, laws, etc. b) a government agency that administers a project

7 a person with much knowledge or experience in some field, whose information or opinion is hence reliable; expert

8 self-assurance and expertness that come with experience (the pianist's performance lacked authority)

7. Выпишите в тетрадь словарную семью следующих слов: executive, legislative, government, political, power, functioning, serve, humanity.

Например, system – systematic – systematize.

8. Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания, одним из компонентов которых являются слова state и government, составьте предложения с этими словосочетаниями: конституционное государство, иностранное государство, смена правительства, коалиционное правительство, сформировать правительство, государственный служащий, государственное регулирование, государственная служба, местное самоуправление, органы государственного управления.

9. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя активную лексику:

1. Правительственные органы, правящие круги (the ruling circles), лица, наделенные (given) верховной властью, политические партии и организации формируют систему власти.

2. Следует создать систему власти с четким определением ее полномочий.

3. Согласно Конституции РФ, государственная власть в Российской Федерации принадлежит народу.

4. Государство занимает особое место в политической системе общества и играет в ней основную роль.

Work on the Text

10. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

11. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is a system of power?

2. What are the main parts of power?

3. What should we seriously think of if we want finally to live as normal people?

4. When does a power work well?

12. Выделите наиболее значимые предложения в тексте.

13. Изложите основную мысль текста в 2-3 предложениях, используя следующие конструкции:

The main idea of the text is (that)…

The text tells us about….

We get to know from the text (that)…

14. Сделайте обратный перевод данного текста.

15. Перескажите текст на английском языке.

Discussion

16. Согласны ли Вы со следующими утверждениями:

1. The sources of power in a democratically organized community are its people, and its system.

2. Humanity hasn’t yet worked out a suitable and ideal system.

3. А power works well only when its authority is clearly and definitely determined.

17. Обсудите в группе, какая, на ваш взгляд, должна быть современная система власти. Используйте следующие конструкции:

To my mind… - По моему,..

In my opinion… - По моему мнению,..

As for me…- Что касается меня,..

As far as I understand (can judge, see)… - Насколько я понимаю (могу судить),..

Grammar Revision

(Articles, Passive Voice, Non-finite Forms of the Verb)

18. Объясните использование артиклей в следующих контекстах:

the highest authority, the sources of power, in a democratically organized community, for the interests of our people, who don’t have a good system of modern power, a suitable and ideal system, our own power, a power works well.

19. Прочитайте и переведите все предложения со сказуемыми в страдательном залоге. Назовите видо-временную форму сказуемого.

20. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, в которых встречаются неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастия, герундий). Дифференцируйте их и укажите их функцию.

21. Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите грамматические явления подчёркнутых слов.

1. The “Crown in Parliament” means that legislation passed by Parliament, which consists of the House of Commons (elected directly by the people) and the House of Lords (made up of hereditary peers and appointive members (назначаемые члены) - archbishops, senior bishops, law lords, and life peers) becomes law upon royal assent (королевская санкция).

2. By the terms of the Parliament Act of 1949 (Закон), the Lords may not disapprove other bills if they have been passed by two successive annual sessions of the Commons.

3. The power of the Crown to veto legislation has not been exercised in over 280 years.

4. Life peers include lords of appeal (судебные лорды, лорды-судьи), who make up the court of last resort on matters that can be brought to the House of Lords, and an increasing number of lords created in recognition of distinguished service (отличная служба) (often in politics).

5. Although, in theory, any Member of Parliament may propose a bill, most legislation is initiated by the cabinet minister responsible for the department concerned.

Text 2

STATE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The Russian Federation is set up by the Constitution of 1993. Under the Constitution Russia is a presidential republic. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President.

The legislative power is exercised by the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation; the Lower Chamber is the State Duma.

Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. Legislature may be initiated in either of the two Chambers. But to become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill. The President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, he makes treaties, enforces laws, appoints ministers to be approved by the Federal Assembly.

The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Cabinet.

The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the regional courts.

The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four-year period.

Today the state symbol of Russia is a three-coloured banner. It has three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one symbolizes liberty. It was the first state symbol that replaced the former symbols in 1991. A new national emblem is two-headed eagle. It is the most ancient symbol of Russia. It originates from the heraldic emblem of the Ruricovitches. All these symbols are official. They have been approved by the Federal Assembly.

Word Study

1. Найдите в англо-русском словаре значения следующих слов и выражений; выучите слова наизусть: branch, chamber, a bill, legislature, commander-in-chief, federal, executive branch, judicial branch, the regional courts, popular vote, the state symbol, the heraldic emblem, the armed forces, to be exercised by, to be approved by, to be elected by, to become a law, to veto the bill, to makes treaty, to enforce laws, to appoint ministers.