Physiology of the Respiratory System Фізіологія Респіраторної Системи

Text: Physiology of the Respiratory System

Grammar: Infinitive, its forms and functions

Pre-text assignments

Exercise 1. Learn the following new words

to supply oxygen carbon dioxide trachea larynx pharynx diaphragm to breathe, breath cilium to be coated with to capture germ pollutant to cough to sneeze to swallow to emit to expel to dissolve to bond

[sə’plai] [‘ɒksid3in] [‘ka:bən ‘daiəksaid] [trə’kiə] [‘læriŋks] [‘færiŋks] [‘daiə’fræm] [‘bri:ð], [‘breθ] [‘siliə] [‘koutid] [‘kæptʃə] [‘dʒɜ:m] [pə’lu:tənt] [‘kɒf] [‘sni:z] [‘swɒləw] [i’mit] [iks’pel] [di’sɒlv] [‘bɒnd]

постачати кисень вуглекислий газ трахея гортань глотка діафрагма дихати, дихання жмутики бути вкритим схоплювати мікроб забруднюючі речовини кашляти чихати ковтати виділяти виштовхувати, видаляти розчинювати зчіплювати

Exercise 2. Read the following paying attention to the rules of reading. Give examples of your own:

g e, i, y [dʒ] – gel, gene, general, ginger, age

[g] – go, glad, again, globe, groin

ph [f] – phase, pharmacy, physics, photo, philosopher, pharynx

c e, i, y [s] – face, cyst, cytoplasm, cycle, cell

[k] – coat, calendar, cube, core

a + lf [a:] – calf, palm, half, calm

Exercise 3. Remember the rules of word-building in the English language. Translate them into Ukrainian.

a) form the Nouns with the help of suffix – ment from the verbs: to develop, to treat, to improve, to advance, to achieve, to excite, to nourish, to judge, to pay

b) form the Nouns with the help of suffix – ness from the adjectives: happy, busy, lazy, thick, greedy, sad, weak, tidy, white

c) form the Adjectives with the help of suffix – less from the nouns: worth, use, friend, power, home, care, pain, hope, harm, speech

Exercise 4. Read and translate the word combinations into your native language

To supply the body with oxygen; to enrich blood with oxygen; to remove carbon dioxide; a swollen larynx; to warm and moisten oxygen; fine hairs in the nose; to be coated with mucus; to capture germs and pollutants; to expel foreign matters; swallowing, coughing or sneezing; a network of arteries, veins and blood vessels; oxygen-rich or oxygenated blood; to be bonded to transport molecules; to increase number of the opened alveoli and capillaries.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text

Physiology of the respiratory sytem

The respiratory system is responsible for supplying our body with oxygen. It does this by enriching blood with oxygen every time we take a breath. It also removes carbon dioxide, which is a waste gas harmful for our bodies.

We breathe oxygen through the mouth or nose, which warm up the gas and moisten it before it enters the rest of the body. The oxygen then travels through the larynx (voice box) and down the trachea (windpipe) into the two bronchi, which are branch-like tissues that enter the lungs. Cilia, which are very fine hairs, grow in the larynx, trachea and bronchi. These hairs are coated with mucus that captures any germs and pollutants that are in the air we breathe before it enters the lungs. This foreign matter is then expelled from the body through swallowing, coughing or sneezing.

Once oxygen enters the lungs, it's sent to the rest of the body's organs and tissues through a network of blood vessels. These blood vessels also capture carbon dioxide emitted by the tissues as a metabolic waste.

Blood is delivered around the body through a network of arteries, veins and blood vessels. The pulmonary artery delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. It sends blood containing carbon dioxide to the alveoli, which expel the gas through exhalation. The alveoli replace the carbon dioxide with oxygen through inhalation. This oxygen-rich blood then travels to the heart, which pumps it to the rest of the body. The 2 major respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, are transported through the body in the blood. Blood plasma has the ability to transport some dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, but most of the gases transported in the blood are bonded to transport molecules. Hemoglobin is an important transport molecule found in red blood cells that carries almost 99% of the oxygen in the blood.

When one breathes normally not all the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs are opened. When respiration becomes deep, the number of the opened alveoli and capillaries increases. The flow of blood into the lungs increases when one breathes in and it decreases when one breathes out.

Exercise 6. Translate the word-combinations in bold type into English:

1. The дихальна system is відповідає за supplying our body with oxygen.

2. We вдихаємо oxygen through the mouth or nose, which розігрівають the gas and зволожують it before it потрапляє до решти організму.

3. Жмутики вкриті слиззю, яка заполює мікроби та забруднюючі речовини that are in the air we breathe.

4. Коли кисень потрапляє до легень, it's sent to the rest of the body's organs and tissues через мережу кровоносних судин.

5. Blood plasma має здатність транспортувати розчинений кисень and carbon dioxide, but most of the gases transported in the blood приєднані до транспортних молекул.

6. Гемоглобін це важлива транспортна молекула, яка знаходиться в червоних клітинах крові that carries almost 99% of the oxygen in the blood.

7. Потік крові до легень збільшується when one breathes in and зменшується when one breathes out.

Exercise 7. Approve or contradict the following statements

1. The respiratory system is responsible for supplying our body with oxygen and it also removes carbon dioxide, which is a waste gas useful for our bodies.

2. Our nose warms, moisturizes, and filters air we breathe in.

3. All foreign matters are expelled from the body through swallowing, talking or sneezing.

4. Blood vessels release carbon dioxide emitted by the tissues as a metabolic waste.

5. The coronary artery delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

6. Deoxygenated blood travels to the heart, which pumps it to the rest of the body.

7. When respiration becomes deep, the number of the closed alveoli and capillaries increases.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions

1. What is the respiratory system responsible for?

2. What is carbon dioxide?

3. What is the function of the nose?

4. What is the nasal cavity covered with?

5. What do the cilia do?

6. How do people expel foreign matters from the respiratory tract?

7. What is the process of enriching all parts of the body with oxygen?

8. Name the main molecule responsible for transportation of oxygen throughout the body.

9. When does the number of opened alveoli increase and decrease?

Exercise 9. Match the terms with their definitions

germ cilium pulmonary artery hemoglobin plasma pollutant respiratory system

the straw-colored liquid component of blood which makes up about 55% of the total blood volume; a substance that pollutes, especially a chemical or similar substance that is produced as a waste product of an industrial process; the system by which oxygen is taken into the body and an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place; in mammals the system includes the nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs; a microscopic hairline process extending from the surface of a cell or unicellular organism. the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells that gives them their red color and serves to convey oxygen to the tissues; a very small living thing that causes a disease; an artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.