- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practice work
- •Glossary
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme «The subject, purposes and methods of pathological physiology”.
- •Case study
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •Questions 1. What factors affect the mouse in this experiment?
- •2. Which of these factors could be considered the leading cause of the pathologic process - hypobaric hypoxia?
- •3. How can you experimentally check your presumptions about the nature of the pathologic process?
- •Pathogenesis of High altitude disease
- •Vicious circle in pathogenesis of High altitute disease
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme «General etiology and pathogenesis. Effects of low barometric pressure on an organism”
- •Case Study Case 1. A group of tourists came under heavy rain. A day later, one of them developed pneumonia. Questions:
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Glossary:
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme «The role of reactivity of an organism in pathology”
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •Explain the pathogenesis of hemolysis in tubes №№ 2-5 and the absence of hemolysis in tube number 1. Glossary
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Cell injury”
- •Case Study
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •I nfection, ischemia, traumas, tumors, burns, immune pathological processes, etc.
- •The significance of acute phase reactions for organism
- •Glossary
- •Types of fever on the basis of the extent of temperature elevation:
- •Types of fever on the basis of temperature fluctuation:
- •- Remittent (fluctuation 1-20c) (viral and bacterial infections, exudative pleuritis)
- •Control -test Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “systemic organism’s response to damage. Fever”
- •Case Study
- •Control – conclusions on the cases
- •The approximate timing of class
- •Practical work of students
- •Glossary
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism”
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Vasoconstriction Vasodilation of brain vessels High irritability of n. Vagus
- •Non respiratory (metabolic) alkalosis
- •Compensatory mechanisms at abb disorders
- •Glossary
- •Nongaseous acidosis (metabolic, exogenous, excretory) develops when there is accumulation of acidic products (metabolic disorders, acid intake from outside, diarrhea)
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Acid-base disorders”
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •Glossary
- •Control -test Office hours (2) Midterm control 1
- •The approximate timing of class
- •Practical work of students
- •Глоссарий
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism”
- •The approximate timing of class
- •Case-study case 1
- •Control -test Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Disorders of protein and lipid metabolism”
Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism”
The purpose of the office hour:
Development of practical skills of interpretation of clinical and laboratory data in solving clinical cases
Tasks of study: • To apply the theoretical knowledge in pathophysiological analysis of cases
The Method of office hour: case study Case Study
case 1
Examination of a 32-year-old patient showed various signs of pathology, including excessive body mass: his height was 168 cm, and weight 84.5 kg. The patient also had a pasty face, and periorbital puffiness; his skin was pale; he had slow rebound of tissue to its original contour after pressing the feet or shin with the fingertip. The patient told the physician about tightness of a ring and shoes in the evening. An investigation of the cardiovascular system revealed the following: minor arterial hypotension, areas of cardiac dullness are slightly increased; other parameters are unremarkable. The daily urine volume is within the normal range.
Questions:
1. What is the possible cause of the patient's excess of body mass?
2. Can we state that water-ionic balance is deranged in this patient?
3. What type of edema is observed in the patient?
4. What additional data are required to specify the type of edema in this case?
case 2
A 42-year-old patient has been admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of "uncompensated myocardiodystrophy". The patient has a normal constitution with paucity of subcutaneous tissue. His height is 165 cm, body weight 81 kg. On examination: the patient needs to sit in bed; he has dyspnea, acrocyanosis, marked lower extremities edema, rales and wheezes during auscultation of the chest. X-ray investigation of the abdominal area shows an accumulation of fluid; the liver is enlarged; stroke volume and cardiac output are decreased; hematocrit 38%; daily urine volume is decreased. Biochemical tests reveal increased plasma activity of renin and increased sodium concentration.
Questions:
1. Are there any signs of derangement of water balance in this patient?
2. What type of dyshydria is observed in this case?
3. Is there any association between the accumulation of fluid in the subcutaneous tissue, the abdomen, and the lungs?
4. Explain the pathogenesis of increased blood levels of renin and Na+ in this patient.
5. Explain the pathogenesis of edema in this patient.
6. Explain the role of edema in deterioration of the patient's condition.
7. What therapeutic approaches can be used to treat the edema in this case?
case 3
A 22-year-old patient who experienced severe scarlet fever 2 weeks ago complains of headache, pain in the back, dyspnea, and palpitations. During the last week she has increased her body weight by 11.5 kg. On examination: her face is pale; she has periorbital puffiness, and edema of the shins and feet; the boundaries of the heart dullness are increased; blood pressure is 180/100 mm Hg; daily urine volume is reduced. Urine tests show the presence of erythrocytes and protein. An increased titer of streptococcal antibodies is found in the blood.
Questions:
1. Is there evidence of the kidney damage in this patient? What is the possible mechanism of this pathology?
2. What is the cause of hyperhydration in this case: a decrease in water excretion or an increase in water retention?
3. Explain the mechanisms of edema in this patient.
case 4
A 7-year-old boy developed a progressive swelling of the soft palate with a swallowing difficulty, and then asphyxia after he had drunk mango juice. The mucosal membrane in the swelled area is hyperemic without tenderness; a moderate increase in eosinophils is seen in the blood. The patient's body temperature is normal. The patient has a family history of bronchial asthma attacks in his senior sister.
Questions:
1. Do you think that edema in this case is the result of ordinary inflammation?
2. What is the cause of edema in this patient?
3. Explain the pathogenesis of the given pathology.
4. Does this type of edema belong to the life-threatening states?
Hand-outs: cases, lecture, multimedia presentation
Control – conclusions on cases
7. THEME: |
«ACID-BASE DISORDERS» |
The purposes of the class:
Formation of knowledge of the main issues of the theme
Formation of skills of analysis of experimental data and creation of pathogenetic schemes
Formation of communicative skills for discussion of the problem
Tasks of study: • To learn the main issues of the theme • To develop the skills to use the glossary in three languages for discussion of the theoretical material • To Learn how to make pathogenetic schemes • To apply the theoretical knowledge in solving of clinical cases
• To form communicative skills for discussion of the theoretical material Questions for the theme
The concept of acid-base homeostasis. The main buffer systems of the blood.
Physiologic mechanisms responsible for the normal acid-base balance: role of the respiratory system; role of kidneys.
Typical forms of disorders of acid-base balance. Metabolic acidosis: causes and symptoms.Metabolic alkalosis: causes and symptoms.
Respiratory acidosis: causes and mechanisms. Respiratory alkalosis: causes and mechanisms.
Primary and compensatory changes in various types acidosis and alkalosis.
Laboratory parameters used in diagnostics of acid-base dysbalance.
Methods of teaching
Discussion the major issues under the supervision of a teacher, discussion pathogenetic schemes.
Methods of control
Oral questioning, checking pathogenetic schemes, testing