
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practice work
- •Glossary
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme «The subject, purposes and methods of pathological physiology”.
- •Case study
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •Questions 1. What factors affect the mouse in this experiment?
- •2. Which of these factors could be considered the leading cause of the pathologic process - hypobaric hypoxia?
- •3. How can you experimentally check your presumptions about the nature of the pathologic process?
- •Pathogenesis of High altitude disease
- •Vicious circle in pathogenesis of High altitute disease
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme «General etiology and pathogenesis. Effects of low barometric pressure on an organism”
- •Case Study Case 1. A group of tourists came under heavy rain. A day later, one of them developed pneumonia. Questions:
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Glossary:
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme «The role of reactivity of an organism in pathology”
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •Explain the pathogenesis of hemolysis in tubes №№ 2-5 and the absence of hemolysis in tube number 1. Glossary
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Cell injury”
- •Case Study
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •I nfection, ischemia, traumas, tumors, burns, immune pathological processes, etc.
- •The significance of acute phase reactions for organism
- •Glossary
- •Types of fever on the basis of the extent of temperature elevation:
- •Types of fever on the basis of temperature fluctuation:
- •- Remittent (fluctuation 1-20c) (viral and bacterial infections, exudative pleuritis)
- •Control -test Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “systemic organism’s response to damage. Fever”
- •Case Study
- •Control – conclusions on the cases
- •The approximate timing of class
- •Practical work of students
- •Glossary
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism”
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Vasoconstriction Vasodilation of brain vessels High irritability of n. Vagus
- •Non respiratory (metabolic) alkalosis
- •Compensatory mechanisms at abb disorders
- •Glossary
- •Nongaseous acidosis (metabolic, exogenous, excretory) develops when there is accumulation of acidic products (metabolic disorders, acid intake from outside, diarrhea)
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Acid-base disorders”
- •The approximate timing of classes
- •Practical work of students
- •Glossary
- •Control -test Office hours (2) Midterm control 1
- •The approximate timing of class
- •Practical work of students
- •Глоссарий
- •Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism”
- •The approximate timing of class
- •Case-study case 1
- •Control -test Office hours (2) Formation of practical skills on the theme “Disorders of protein and lipid metabolism”
С.Ж.АСФЕНДИЯРОВ АТЫНДАҒЫ ҚАЗАҚ ҰЛТТЫҚ МЕДИЦИНА УНИВЕРСИТЕТІ |
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КАЗАХСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ С.Д.АСФЕНДИЯРОВА |
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLASSES AND OFFICE HOURS |
WORK-OUT FOR PRACTICAL STUDY AND OFFICE HOURS
1. THEME: |
«THE SUBJECT, PURPOSES AND METHODS OF PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY. GENERAL NOSOLOGY». |
The purposes of the class:
Formation of knowledge of the main issues of the theme
Development of skills for experimental work with animals, for functional studies
Formation of communicative skills for group work
Formation of law competence of preclinical research
Tasks of study: • To learn the content, structure , tasks of pathophysiology as an academic discipline, the basic concepts of general nosology • To learn the basic terms of nosology (glossary) • To form communicative skills in group work (skills in proving the point of view, leadership qualities) during the blitz game • To learn the basic orders for preclinical studies (Order of the MH number 697 of 12 November 2009 "On approval of rules for conducting biomedical experiments, ( non-clinical ) and clinical studies ." Order of the Committee for Technical Regulation and Metrology of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 29, 2006 № 575. State Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan Good Laboratory Practice.
Questions for the theme
Subject of pathological physiology. A place and role of pathophysiology in medical education, its connections with other sciences.
The main purposes of pathological physiology.Methods of pathological physiology. The role of pathophysiological experiment, advantages and lacks of modelling of pathological processes in animals.
Moral - ethical aspects of work with laboratory animals.
The basic concepts of the general nosology: health, disease, predisease, pathological reaction, pathological process, pathological state.
Criteria of disease. The Main principles of disease classification.
Stages of disease, their characteristic.
Periods of dying, the characteristic. Pathohysiological base of resuscitation (reanimation). Postreanimatory disease, concept, pathogenesis.
Methods of teaching
Discussion the major issues under the supervision of a teacher, a demonstration of multimedia presentation "Ethics of preclinical studies", work in small groups - blitz game, identifying of predisease with load tests (Martine, Shtange, Gençhe)
Methods of control
Oral questioning, checking conclusions of experiment, testing
The approximate timing of classes
№ |
Steps of the class |
Time (min) |
1 |
Organizational part. Roll Call, reading the goals and objectives of the class, distribution of demonstration material |
5 |
2 |
Discussion the questions № № 1-3 |
25 |
3 |
Blitz-game |
20 |
4 |
Break |
10 |
5 |
Discussion the questions №№ 4 -7 |
25 |
6 |
Test |
15 |
7 |
Summarizing the classroom work, assessment of competencies |
10 |
Practice work
The task № 1. |
The blitz – game «Definition of correct sequence of the basic stages патофизиологического experiment». |
Technique: Each student determines correct sequence of stages of pathophysiological experiment as figures in the column «individual decision». After performance of this task students make groups with three students and collectively discuss results, coming to common opinion, and mark correct sequence of stages of experiment in the column «group decision». Then the teacher gives the correct answer. After that work above mistakes begins. Individual and group mistakes are counted up.
Stage of experiment |
Individual decision |
Individual mistake |
Right answer |
Group decision |
Group mistake |
Determination of the purposes and aims of experiment |
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Making the plan of the experiment |
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Statistical analysis of the received data |
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Choice of adequate model and techniques of research |
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The analysis of results of research and conclusions |
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Research of pathological process |
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Modeling of pathological process |
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Experimental therapy |
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Creation of idea of experiment |
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Theoretical preparation of the researcher |
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Glossary
Pathophysiology (from Greek words): pathos - illness, suffering; physis - nature, function; logos - study Pathophysiology is the science about the functions of a sick organism.
Pathophysiology is scientific study of disease - its nature, cause, mechanisms and effects. It is the science about general laws of pathological processes and diseases. It studies "why" and "how" disease occurs and develops.
Патофизиология (от греч. Pathos - болезнь, physis – природа, функция, logos - учение) – наука о функциях больного организма.
Патофизиология изучает общие закономерности возникновения, развития и исходов болезней.
Патофизиология (грекше Pathos – ауру, дерт, physis – табиғат, қызмет, logos - ғылым) – ауруға шалдыққан организмнің қызметі туралы ғылым.
Патофизиология аурулардың пайда болуы, дамуы және аяқталуының негізгі заңдылықтарын зерттейді.
Purposes of pathophysiology
Study the questions of general etiology
Study the questions of pathogenesis
Investigation methods of experimental therapy
Formation of medical mode of thinking
Задачи патофизиологии
Изучение вопросов общей этиологии
Изучение вопросов патогенеза
Разработка методов экспериментальной терапии
Формирование врачебного мышления
Патофизиологияның міндеттері
Жалпы этиология сұрақтарын зерттеу
Патогенез сұрақтарын зерттеу
Экспериментік емдеу тәсілдерін өңдеу
Дәрігерлік ойлауды қалыптастыру
The main method of pathophysiology – is pathophysiological experiment.
The main feature of pathophysiological experiment is modelling of human illness at animals.
Основной метод патофизиологии – патофизиологический эксперимент.
Особенность патофизиологического эксперимента: моделирование болезней человека у животных.
Патофизиологияның негізгі тәсілі – патофизиологиялық эксперимент.
Патофизиологиялық эксперименттің ерекшелігі: адам ауруларын жануарларда үлгілеу.
Nosology – is the study of disease in general (from Greek word nosus – disease):
Нозология – учение о болезни (от греч. nosus-болезнь)
Нозология – ауру туралы жалпы ілім (грекше nosus-ауру).
“Health is a state of complete physical, psychological and social well-being, and is not just the absence of illnesses or physical defects” (WHO).
«Здоровье – это состояние полного физического, духовного и социального благополучия, а не только отсутствие болезней или физических дефектов» ВОЗ.
«Денсаулық– бұл аурудың немесе физикалық ақаулардың болмауы ғана емес, физикалық, психикалық және әлеуметтік толық сәттілік жағдай» БДСҰ.
“Disease is normal life disturbances under the influence of pathogenic factors, it is characterized by restriction in adaptation to the environment and reduction in work capacity” (I.Petrov)
«Болезнь – нарушение нормальной жизни организма под влиянием различных повреждающих факторов, характеризующееся ограничением приспособления к окружающей среде и снижением трудоспособности» И.Петров.
Ауру – әртүрлі зақымдаушы агенттің әсерінен қоршаған ортаға бейімделуінің шектелуімен және еңбекке қабілетінің төмендеуімен организмнің қалыпты өмірінің бұзылысы» И.Петров.
Predisease is a condition between health and illness.
Предболезнь – состояние между здоровьем и болезнью.
Ауру алды – денсаулық пен ауру арасындағы аралық жағдай.
Pathological reaction – (re-against) – is short-term, unusual, inadequate organism’s responce to different factors
Патологическая реакция –(re - против, action - действие) – кратковременная, необычная (неадекватная) реакция организма на какое-либо воздействие
Дерттік серпіліс –(re – қарсы, action - әсер, серпіліс) –
Қандай да бір әсерге организмнің қысқаша, биологиялық мәнсіз және сәйкессіз жауабы
Pathological process – is a combination of pathological and protective - adaptive reactions to damage.
Патологический процесс – сочетание патологических и защитно-приспособительных реакций при повреждении.
Дерттік үрдіс – зақымдану кезінде әрі қорғану бейімделу және әрі зақымдану серпілістерінің жиынтығы
Typical (general) pathological processes
have the same pathogenesis in different kinds of animals and men (monopathogenesis)
Have many causes (multicausality)
develop in different organs and tissues
have more or less expressed protective - adaptive value
are formed during evolution
Типовые патологические процессы:
протекают однотипно у разных видов животных и человека (монопатогенез)
характерна многопричинность (полиэтиологичность),
развиваются в разных органах и тканях,
имеют более или менее выраженное защитно-приспособительное значение,
выработаны в ходе эволюции.
Біртектес дерттік үрдістер:
Адам мен әртүрлі жануарларда бірдей деңгейде өтеді,
Көп себепті (полиэтиологиялы),
әртүрлі ағзалар мен тіндерде өтеді,
айқындығы аз немесе жоғары қорғану-бейімделулік маңызы бар,
эволюцияда барысында түзілген
Pathological state is firm departure from the norm, which doesn’t have adaptive value for an organism.
Патологическое состояние – стойкое отклонение от нормы, не имеющее приспособительного значения для организма.
Дерттік жағдай –организм үшін кері биологиялық мәні бар қалыптан тыс тұрақты ауытқу.
Reanimation is resuscitation of an organism. It is possible at reversible stages of dying.
Реанимация – оживление организма. Возможна на обратимых этапах умирания.
Реанимация –организмді тірілту. Өлімнің қайтымды сатыларында жүргізуге мүмкіндік бар.
Control
Tests
THE LIST OF LITERATURE:
The basic
Litvitsky P.F., Pirozhkov S.V., Tezikov E.B. Concise lectures and tests on pathophysiology E-tekstbook. – ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2007
Lectures. Handouts
Textbook of pathology. Harsh Mohan 4rd edition, Delhi, 2004, P 3-13.
Additional
Патофизиология в схемах и таблицах: Курс лекций: Учебное пособие. Под ред. А.Н.Нурмухамбетова. – Алматы: Кітап, 2004. – С. 12-17.