- •History of Biophysics
- •Viruses possess only a portion of the ______________ of organisms.
- •Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence
- •In adult insects, the wings are solid ______________ the veins.
- •Complexities of Animal Energetics
- •Plants and Plant Communities
- •Nature and Subject of Biophysics
- •Molecular Structure of Biological Systems Part 1
- •Molecular Structure of Biological Systems Part 2
- •Energy transfer by charge carriers
- •In effect, selection is operating to prevent change away from this middle range of ______________.
- •Photosynthesis as Process of Energy Transfer and Energy Transformation
- •Thermodynamic Probability and Entropy
- •In atp the reactive group ______________ to the end of the amp phosphate group is not another nucleotide but rather a chain of two additional phosphate groups.
- •The Information Content of a Nucleic Acid
- •Biological Structures: General Aspects
- •Thermal Molecular Movement
- •In the pns, both myelinated and unmyelinated axons are bundled together, much like ______________ in a cable, to form nerves.
- •Models, Heterogeneity, and Scale
- •The Water Structure, Effects of Hydration
- •In a human, if the body temperature exceeds the set point of 37°c, sensors in a part of the brain detect this ______________.
- •Water Potential and Water Content
- •Water Potentials in Organisms and their Surroundings
- •Structure Formation of Biomacromolecules
- •Self Assembly and the Molecular Structure of Membranes
- •Mechanical Properties of Biological Membranes
- •Systems, Parameters and State Functions
- •In thermodynamics, systems are classified as follows according to the nature of their boundary against their environment:
- •Potential Energy Contour Tracing
- •Entropy and Stability
- •Pauli Exclusion Principle
- •Строение атомов и принцип Паули
- •Electronegativity and Strong Bonds
- •Электроотрицательность
- •Internal Energy
- •Внутренняя энергия
- •Bond Energies
- •Энергия связи
- •Water, Acids, Bases and Aqueous Reactions
- •Стохастические модели взаимодействия
- •Рентгеноструктурный анализ
- •Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- •Ядерный магнитный резонанс
- •Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
- •Принцип действия сканирующего туннельного микроскопа
- •Patch Clamping
- •Proteins
- •Nucleic acids
- •Дифракция рентгеновских лучей
- •Photo- and chemo-bioenergetics
- •Biological systems
- •If all relevant protein carriers are in use, increases in the ______________ do not increase the transport rate.
- •Neurobiophysics
- •Распространение нервного импульса
- •Nerve Cells
- •Аксон и нервный импульс
- •Myelinated Neurons
- •Signal reception
- •Time-resolved Crystallography
- •Biological Polymers
- •Nucleic Acids
- •Нуклеиновые кислоты
- •Nucleic Acid Conformation: dna
- •Proteins
- •Protein Folding
- •In terrestrial vertebrates, the forebrain plays a far more ______________ in neural processing than it does in fishes.
- •Фолдинг белка
- •Respiration
- •Bacterial Motion
- •Muscular Movement
- •In some neurons specialized for rapid signal conduction, the axon is encased in a myelin ______________ that is interrupted at intervals.
- •Energy Exchange
- •In addition, the interactions that occur between members of a population also depend critically on a population’s size and ______________.
- •Continuity in the Biosphere
- •Water Vapor and Other Gases
- •Газы атмосферы
- •Covalent Bonds, Molecular Orbitals
- •Coordinative Bonds, Metallo-Organic Complexes
- •In dry years, when only large, tough seeds are available, the ______________ beak size increases.
- •Типы металлоорганических соединений
- •Hydrogen Bond
- •Mechanisms of Molecular Energy Transfer
- •In general, the following mechanisms of intermolecular energy transfer must be considered: energy transfer by radiation, energy transfer by inductive resonance, energy transfer by charged carriers
Nucleic Acids
The importance of nucleic acids to heredity emerged only gradually. Gregor Mendel's discoveries in 1865, based on his observations on the breeding of peas, were followed 20 years later by August Weismann's hypothesis that the number of chromosomes must be constant. There is not a simple relationship between the number of chromosomes and biological sophistication, however, because the potato possesses more chromosomes than the human being (who has 23 pairs). In 1926, Thomas Morgan suggested that genes are not separated entities, but that they are grouped together in the chromosomes. Sewall Wright had already postulated that genes control the production of enzymes. In 1900, Hugo de Vries had noticed that changes in the colouring of primroses are not gradual, but occur abruptly as spontaneous mutations. Hermann Müller and L. G. Stadlerr discovered that the mutation rate can be greatly increased by exposing the gamete cells (that is to say the fertilized egg cells) to X-rays, and George Beadle and Edward Tatum irradiated specimens of the common bread mould Neurospora crassa and discovered that it was then incapable of producing Vitamin B6. Wright's gene-enzyme link had been proved correct.
Frederick Griffith showed that the pneumonia bacterium, Diplococcus pneumoniae, is virulent when its polysaccharide coat is intact. This is designated the S form, from the smooth appearance of the resulting colonies. Rough-looking colonies are formed by the variety that lacks its coat (the R form), this being a consequence of its not possessing the relevant enzyme. Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclin McCarthy repeated the Griffith experiment with various parts of the S form removed. Prior removal of the polysaccharide coat had no effect, nor did removal of an underlying protein capsule. However, if the bacterium's deoxyrobonucleic acid (DNA) is removed or denatured, its lethal potential is destroyed. Avery and his colleagues had established that DNA is the repository of the genetic message.
Observed in an electron microscope, DNA appears as a long, thin thread, its diameter being a mere 2nm. Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling were surprised to find that X-ray diffraction patterns from such material did not display the expected variation with the species from which it had been extracted, and they were puzzled by the appearance of reflections corresponding to a distance of 3nm, which is considerably larger than the size of a single nucleotide.
Define the words
To breed, an entity, virulent, pneumonia, a repository, to denature.
Complete the sentences
There is not a simple relationship between...
Frederick Griffith showed that...
Rough-looking colonies are formed...
Prior removal of the polysaccharide coat had no effect...
However, if the bacterium's DNA is removed or denatured…
Observed in an electron microscope, DNA...
Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling were surprised to find that...
Put the following words and word combinations into the gaps
lethal / breeding / entity / specimens / chromosome / intact / diffraction pattern / heredity
Family resemblances are often strong—a visual manifestation of the mechanism of ______________.
For a very long time people believed that it was possible to obtain bizarre composite animals by ______________ widely different species.
The particular location of a gene on a ______________ is referred to as the gene’s locus (plural, loci).
The word “evolution” refers to how an ______________—be it a social system, a gas, or a planet—changes through time.
When examining cell membranes with electron microscopy, ______________ must be prepared for viewing.
The conservative model stated that the parental double helix would remain ______________ and generate DNA copies consisting of entirely new molecules.
Perhaps the most ______________ virus in human history has been the influenza virus.
When individual rays encounter atoms, their path is bent or diffracted, and the ______________ is recorded on photographic film.
Translate the text into Russian orally