- •History of Biophysics
- •Viruses possess only a portion of the ______________ of organisms.
- •Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence
- •In adult insects, the wings are solid ______________ the veins.
- •Complexities of Animal Energetics
- •Plants and Plant Communities
- •Nature and Subject of Biophysics
- •Molecular Structure of Biological Systems Part 1
- •Molecular Structure of Biological Systems Part 2
- •Energy transfer by charge carriers
- •In effect, selection is operating to prevent change away from this middle range of ______________.
- •Photosynthesis as Process of Energy Transfer and Energy Transformation
- •Thermodynamic Probability and Entropy
- •In atp the reactive group ______________ to the end of the amp phosphate group is not another nucleotide but rather a chain of two additional phosphate groups.
- •The Information Content of a Nucleic Acid
- •Biological Structures: General Aspects
- •Thermal Molecular Movement
- •In the pns, both myelinated and unmyelinated axons are bundled together, much like ______________ in a cable, to form nerves.
- •Models, Heterogeneity, and Scale
- •The Water Structure, Effects of Hydration
- •In a human, if the body temperature exceeds the set point of 37°c, sensors in a part of the brain detect this ______________.
- •Water Potential and Water Content
- •Water Potentials in Organisms and their Surroundings
- •Structure Formation of Biomacromolecules
- •Self Assembly and the Molecular Structure of Membranes
- •Mechanical Properties of Biological Membranes
- •Systems, Parameters and State Functions
- •In thermodynamics, systems are classified as follows according to the nature of their boundary against their environment:
- •Potential Energy Contour Tracing
- •Entropy and Stability
- •Pauli Exclusion Principle
- •Строение атомов и принцип Паули
- •Electronegativity and Strong Bonds
- •Электроотрицательность
- •Internal Energy
- •Внутренняя энергия
- •Bond Energies
- •Энергия связи
- •Water, Acids, Bases and Aqueous Reactions
- •Стохастические модели взаимодействия
- •Рентгеноструктурный анализ
- •Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- •Ядерный магнитный резонанс
- •Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
- •Принцип действия сканирующего туннельного микроскопа
- •Patch Clamping
- •Proteins
- •Nucleic acids
- •Дифракция рентгеновских лучей
- •Photo- and chemo-bioenergetics
- •Biological systems
- •If all relevant protein carriers are in use, increases in the ______________ do not increase the transport rate.
- •Neurobiophysics
- •Распространение нервного импульса
- •Nerve Cells
- •Аксон и нервный импульс
- •Myelinated Neurons
- •Signal reception
- •Time-resolved Crystallography
- •Biological Polymers
- •Nucleic Acids
- •Нуклеиновые кислоты
- •Nucleic Acid Conformation: dna
- •Proteins
- •Protein Folding
- •In terrestrial vertebrates, the forebrain plays a far more ______________ in neural processing than it does in fishes.
- •Фолдинг белка
- •Respiration
- •Bacterial Motion
- •Muscular Movement
- •In some neurons specialized for rapid signal conduction, the axon is encased in a myelin ______________ that is interrupted at intervals.
- •Energy Exchange
- •In addition, the interactions that occur between members of a population also depend critically on a population’s size and ______________.
- •Continuity in the Biosphere
- •Water Vapor and Other Gases
- •Газы атмосферы
- •Covalent Bonds, Molecular Orbitals
- •Coordinative Bonds, Metallo-Organic Complexes
- •In dry years, when only large, tough seeds are available, the ______________ beak size increases.
- •Типы металлоорганических соединений
- •Hydrogen Bond
- •Mechanisms of Molecular Energy Transfer
- •In general, the following mechanisms of intermolecular energy transfer must be considered: energy transfer by radiation, energy transfer by inductive resonance, energy transfer by charged carriers
Biological Polymers
The word polymer is, appropriately, a composite of the Greek word poly, which means many, and another Greek word meros, which means parts. The choice of this name stems from what has been found to be the defining characteristic of a polymer: it is a composite structure based on consolidation of many smaller units (monomers) into a single whole. The consolidation in question occurs in one topological dimension, to produce thread-like arrangements of the elementary units, but these threads can (and frequently do) become multiply folded, so that the final conformation extends in at least two, and usually three, dimensions.
Polymeric structures are not uncommon in the inorganic realm, asbestos being a good example, but we will here be interested only in the organic variety; and, indeed, only in a sub-class of the organic polymers, namely the biopolymers. Organic polymers not falling within the biological domain are interesting in their own right, and their investigation led to insights that were valuable when considering their biological counterparts. These organic non-biological polymers have structures in which the monomers tend to be of only one type, as in the numerous artificial polymers that have been synthesized. Nylon, polyethylene (commercially abbreviated to polythene), styrofoam and teflon are just a few of the names that readily come to mind.
Biopolymers, then, are simply polymers that occur in biological systems. They tend to be comprised of a variety of monomers, rather than of a single type, and this gives them physical properties that are far more sophisticated than those of their non-biological counterparts. It is this sophistication that enables them to imbue their parent tissues with the differentiated response repertoires typical of living structures. As William Cowper put it: variety's the very spice of life. Very broadly speaking, the biopolymers can be divided into four main classes: nucleic acids, proteins, lipids (and the related fatty acids) and polysaccharides. The latter are the main constituents of plant tissue (together with more complicated biopolymers known as lignins), and when they are present on the animal cell surface, they mediate cell-cell recognition.
Define the words
To stem from, an insight, composite, sophisticated, a counterpart, in its own right, a response repertoire.
Complete the sentences
The consolidation in question...
Polymeric structures are not uncommon...
Organic polymers not falling within the biological domain…
These organic non-biological polymers have structures in which...
Biopolymers tend to be comprised of a variety of monomers,..
It is this sophistication...
Very broadly speaking, the biopolymers…
Put the following words and word combinations into the gaps
comprised of / mediated / in question / in its own right / imbued / conformation
The three-dimensional configuration of a protein is also called its ______________.
If a pair of alleles in an individual are the same, the individual is said to be homozygous for the trait ______________.
The endocrine system is an extremely important regulatory system ______________, but it also interacts and cooperates with the nervous system to regulate the activities of the other organ systems of the body.
A polyelectrolyte molecule is a polymer molecule ______________ primarily ionizable repeating subunits.
Millions of years of evolution have ______________ proteins with unmatched molecular recognition and catalysis capabilities.
When a cell of your body is exposed to a stimulus that produces a chemically ______________ signal for a prolonged period, it tends to lose its ability to respond to the stimulus with its original intensity.
Translate the text into Russian orally
Биологические макромолекулы — белки и нуклеиновые кислоты — очень сложны. Их свойства в живых системах определяются всеми особенностями строения, в частности, тем, что эти макромолекулы являются информационными, они представляют собой «тексты». Важно установить, что в поведении биополимеров связано с самим фактом их цепочечного строения, независимо от конкретных атомных групп, входящих в состав макромолекулы. Простые неинформационные цепи синтетических полимеров служат моделями для исследования этой проблемы.
Как уже сказано, физика макромолекул — одна из основ молекулярной биофизики.
Полимеры синтезируются химическими методами или добываются из растений (каучук, целлюлоза) главным образом ради их ценных физических свойств. В технике полимеры применяются как пластмассы, изоляторы, волокна и высокоэластичные материалы — природный и синтетический каучуки.
Простейший синтетический полимер — полиэтилен, получаемый полимеризацией этилена Н2С=СН2, идущей путем раскрытия двойных связей.
Сходным образом получается аналог природного каучука — синтетический цис-полпизопрен в результате полимеризации изопрена Н2С=С(СН3)—СН=СН2.
Ряд полимеров, в частности, нейлон и ему подобные, синтезируются путем поликонденсации, идущей с выделением какого-либо вещества. Как мы видели, полипептидная цепь получается путем поликондеисации аминокислот, идущей с выделением воды, полинуклеотидная — путем поликонденсации нуклеозидтрифосфатов с выделением пирофосфата.
Специфическим свойством полимеров, наиболее важным для биофизики, является высокоэластичность — способность блочного каучукоподобного полимера испытывать большие упругие деформации, достигающие сотен процентов, при малом модуле упругости. Каучук, подобно другим упругим телам, подчиняется при малых деформациях закону Гука — напряжение пропорционально относительной деформации.