- •History of Biophysics
- •Viruses possess only a portion of the ______________ of organisms.
- •Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence
- •In adult insects, the wings are solid ______________ the veins.
- •Complexities of Animal Energetics
- •Plants and Plant Communities
- •Nature and Subject of Biophysics
- •Molecular Structure of Biological Systems Part 1
- •Molecular Structure of Biological Systems Part 2
- •Energy transfer by charge carriers
- •In effect, selection is operating to prevent change away from this middle range of ______________.
- •Photosynthesis as Process of Energy Transfer and Energy Transformation
- •Thermodynamic Probability and Entropy
- •In atp the reactive group ______________ to the end of the amp phosphate group is not another nucleotide but rather a chain of two additional phosphate groups.
- •The Information Content of a Nucleic Acid
- •Biological Structures: General Aspects
- •Thermal Molecular Movement
- •In the pns, both myelinated and unmyelinated axons are bundled together, much like ______________ in a cable, to form nerves.
- •Models, Heterogeneity, and Scale
- •The Water Structure, Effects of Hydration
- •In a human, if the body temperature exceeds the set point of 37°c, sensors in a part of the brain detect this ______________.
- •Water Potential and Water Content
- •Water Potentials in Organisms and their Surroundings
- •Structure Formation of Biomacromolecules
- •Self Assembly and the Molecular Structure of Membranes
- •Mechanical Properties of Biological Membranes
- •Systems, Parameters and State Functions
- •In thermodynamics, systems are classified as follows according to the nature of their boundary against their environment:
- •Potential Energy Contour Tracing
- •Entropy and Stability
- •Pauli Exclusion Principle
- •Строение атомов и принцип Паули
- •Electronegativity and Strong Bonds
- •Электроотрицательность
- •Internal Energy
- •Внутренняя энергия
- •Bond Energies
- •Энергия связи
- •Water, Acids, Bases and Aqueous Reactions
- •Стохастические модели взаимодействия
- •Рентгеноструктурный анализ
- •Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- •Ядерный магнитный резонанс
- •Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
- •Принцип действия сканирующего туннельного микроскопа
- •Patch Clamping
- •Proteins
- •Nucleic acids
- •Дифракция рентгеновских лучей
- •Photo- and chemo-bioenergetics
- •Biological systems
- •If all relevant protein carriers are in use, increases in the ______________ do not increase the transport rate.
- •Neurobiophysics
- •Распространение нервного импульса
- •Nerve Cells
- •Аксон и нервный импульс
- •Myelinated Neurons
- •Signal reception
- •Time-resolved Crystallography
- •Biological Polymers
- •Nucleic Acids
- •Нуклеиновые кислоты
- •Nucleic Acid Conformation: dna
- •Proteins
- •Protein Folding
- •In terrestrial vertebrates, the forebrain plays a far more ______________ in neural processing than it does in fishes.
- •Фолдинг белка
- •Respiration
- •Bacterial Motion
- •Muscular Movement
- •In some neurons specialized for rapid signal conduction, the axon is encased in a myelin ______________ that is interrupted at intervals.
- •Energy Exchange
- •In addition, the interactions that occur between members of a population also depend critically on a population’s size and ______________.
- •Continuity in the Biosphere
- •Water Vapor and Other Gases
- •Газы атмосферы
- •Covalent Bonds, Molecular Orbitals
- •Coordinative Bonds, Metallo-Organic Complexes
- •In dry years, when only large, tough seeds are available, the ______________ beak size increases.
- •Типы металлоорганических соединений
- •Hydrogen Bond
- •Mechanisms of Molecular Energy Transfer
- •In general, the following mechanisms of intermolecular energy transfer must be considered: energy transfer by radiation, energy transfer by inductive resonance, energy transfer by charged carriers
In adult insects, the wings are solid ______________ the veins.
The pleural membranes package each lung separately—if one collapses ______________ a perforation of the membranes, the other lung can still function.
On a finer ______________, evolutionary change within some types of animals is known in exceptional detail.
Complexities of Animal Energetics
The models we have presented for organism-environment interaction can be very useful for analyzing organism response to environment and understanding the most important factors in the animal environment. There are many cases, however, where our simplifying assumptions are too restrictive, and can lead to incorrect conclusions. The limitations we have imposed on latent heat loss exclude any analysis of sweating. We also failed to consider heat loss by conduction to the ground or other substrate. Perhaps the most serious omissions are a failure to consider the possibility that radiation can penetrate the animal coat, and the failure to consider the three-dimensional nature of the animal. To add these complexities goes beyond the objectives of this book, but excellent work has been done in both areas, and we briefly refer to the results of that work.
Our energy balance equations are essentially for a one-dimensional animal. We assume that the heat is well enough mixed internally to maintain an essentially constant internal temperature. We also chose a single characteristic dimension and a single Rabs value for the animal in spite of the fact that we know both of these values vary widely over the surface of the animal. Coat conductance also varies substantially from place to place depending on the thickness of the coat and exposure to wind. Bakken (1981) addressed these issues with what he calls a two-dimensional operative temperature model. This new model just divides the animal up into many zones (head, legs, body in sun, body in shade, etc.), each of which can be adequately analyzed. An operative temperature for each zone is also computed. The overall energy budget is then just the area-weighted average of all zones. From this kind of analysis he concludes that in strong wind or sun the one-dimensional model can give substantially different results than the two-dimensional model. In one example, the operative temperature from the two-dimensional model was 6°C lower than for the one-dimensional model.
If radiation penetrates the coat of an animal, the location of energy absorption ceases to be the outer boundary of the coat. Dissipation of heat, however, still occurs at the outer boundary, so the effective radiation heat load on the animal is higher. This is a kind of miniature greenhouse effect.
Define the following words
Assumption, restrictive, latent, omission, substantially, overall, to cease, dissipation.
Complete the sentences
The models we have presented…
There are many cases, however, where…
The limitations we have imposed…
Perhaps the most serious omissions are...
To add these complexities…
We assume that…
We also chose…
From this kind of analysis the author concludes that…
Put the following words and word combinations into the gaps
latent / substrate / penetration / maintained / exposure / overall / cease
Polyps are cylindrical and are usually found attached to a firm ______________.
Cleavage is the rapid division of the newly formed zygote into a mass of cells, without any increase in ______________ size.
The body’s organization cannot be ______________ without severely limiting cell proliferation.
The reason why HIV remains hidden for so long seems to be that its infection cycle continues throughout the 8- to 10-year ______________ period without doing serious harm to the infected person.
Many point mutations occur spontaneously, without ______________ to radiation or mutagenic chemicals.
The outermost layer of the vertebrate body, the skin, is the first barrier to ______________ by microbes.
The ability to ______________ growth allows plants to wait out the bad times.
Make verbs out of the nouns in the table below
noun |
verb |
assumption |
|
imposition |
|
omission |
|
reference |
|
exposure |
|
radiation |
|