5 Translate the given sentences, paying attention to the –ing forms:

1 You should avoid changing the direction of your further investigation. 2 Their continuing of the work is unnecessary. 3 Do you mind my helping them? 4 People should ask themselves whether this or that thing is worth risking. 5 Breathing through the mouth can produce throat dryness and soreness. 6 Writing case histories required much of his time. 7 No one wants to become neurotic about diet, but following a healthy diet can be pleasurable. 8 Medical software allows the user to automate a variety of critical tasks: gathering patient data; diagnosing body organs and functions; processing results of diagnosing; choosing the best therapy; managing patient records. 9 Having a family history of cancer is known to be a risk for an individual, but there is nothing one can do to prevent having a family history of cancer. 10 Working in the same position for too long causes tension build up. 11 Remedies for tension include changing postures frequently, performing other work diversified with computing, and doing exercises; for example, tightening and releasing fists, rotating arms and hands to increase circulation. 12 People make a lot of decisions connected with great risks like motorcycle riding, parachute jumping, smoking, taking drugs and so on. 13 The fewer the number of activities that greatly harm human health and that are not worth risking, the better it would be for the health of all humanity. 14 If smoking is so bad, then why do kids start doing it? 15 Today more and more parents avoid paying regular visits to fast-food restaurants, because of unhealthy, high cholesterol food served there. 16 You have to face facts: that means having the courage to see your doctors for examinations and hearing results that you may not like.

6 Read and translate the following sentences. Note the use of gerunds with prepositions:

1 There are many ways of solving this problem. 2 He displayed great skill in performing this operation. 3 The two scientists’ doing research independently made it possible to create two essentially different ways of solving the same problem. 4 Many people slip up in the first week after quitting. 5 Using medicines can double your chances of quitting for good. 6 One cannot do anything without thinking of consequences. 7 Talk to your doctor about getting help to quit. 8 You should feel great about yourself for making it so far. 9 Now’s the time to focus on sticking with it. 10 Think about starting a “money jar” if you haven’t already. 11 Are you worried about gaining weight? Think about this: What do you get from quitting far outweighs the drawbacks of adding a few pounds. 12 By quitting smoking, you’re setting a good example. 13 Epidemiologists usually focus on risk factors in identifying means of disease prevention; perhaps the best-known example is the identification of cigarette smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer. 14 Some of the risk factors for heart disease cannot be avoided, but others can be reduced, for example, by stopping smoking, reducing stress, eating healthily – avoiding foods that are high in fat – and taking regular exercises. 15 The more risk factors the individuals have, the greater their likelihood of developing heart disease. 16 The cause of prostate cancer is unknown, although some studies have shown a relationship between the intake of a high fat diet and increasing testosterone level. 17 For those patients whose vision was poor prior to operating, surgery may increase the chances of improving or stabilizing it. 18 Bacteria causing pneumonia can be identified in sputum by culturing. 19 Abscesses occur when an area of tissue becomes infected and the body is able to “wall off” the infection to keep it from spreading. 20 The origins of inhaling smoke for its pharmacological and psycho-effects go back to at least 3000 years BC.