20 Change these sentences using the model:

Model: We know that he is an expert surgeon. We know him to be an expert surgeon.

1 We know that vitamin С is quite important in cases of anaemia. 2 We believed that the case was fatal but the patient recovered. 3 I suppose that he will enter the Medical Institute next year. 4 He believed that the constant lack of sleep was the cause of his weakness. 5 We found that the appendix was stiff and extraordinarily hard.

21 Change these sentences using the model:

Model: It is said that the experiments are very interesting. The experiments are said to be very interesting.

1 It is known that streptomycin is the substance of the highest antibacterial activity. 2 It was said that the constriction of stomach muscle was the most probable diagnosis. 3 It is believed that he is an excellent surgeon. 4 It appeared that he had been wounded. 5 It seems that the disorder is curable.

22 Translate the following:

1 A left carotid arteriogram demonstrated the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery to be displaced laterally and backward. 2 The choice of local anesthetic should rest with the operator and depends on the condition of the patient and the operation to be performed. 3 In the case to be presented, the selective renal arteriogram was entirely normal. 4 In banning hypertension, there are often no changes to be found in the small blood vessels as seen by biomicroscopy. 5 The thyroid gland is best felt by displacing the larynx to the side of the lobe exanimate, so that it can be palpated between the fingers and thumb. 6 The reports showed thoracic defects to be associated in many cases with bulging meanings but no adjacent tumor. 7 The nerves to be looked for in the superficial fascia are derived partly from the posterior primary divisions, and partly from the anterior primary division of the cervical nerves. 8 The blood of an individual who has ceased to suffer from an infection contains a large number of antibodies to that disease, and should the same organism again attempt to attack the body, there is a sufficient reserve of antibodies ready to deal with the infecting agent at once and so prevent the development of the disease. 9 In the normal conscious human being the part of the brain most likely to affect the vasomotor centre activity is the cerebral cortex, or in more general terms the “higher centers”. 10 In pathological states, as in infectious mononucleosis, the globules may be extremely large, causing the cells to appear foamy or vacuolated 11 Determining the direction of the cardiac vector is like trying to deduce the direction of the wind from a series of photographs of a flag which have been taken from different viewpoints around the flag-pole. 12 Even at surgery, if the aneurismal sac is not opened, it may be difficult to differentiate between a small communicating vein and a intact vein that is closely adherent to the aneurismal wall. 13 The original purpose of the self-teaching method described here was to reinforce the presented material in the mind of the student. 14 The contrast agent is injected using a plastic extension tube under fluoroscopic control to decrease the chance of an extra articular injection.