Exercise 1. Match the words from the text with their definitions.

Pertain to stretched tight

Incidental details become worse

Obstruct consider likely to be true

Assumption become involved in smth not welcoming

Taut special importance given to sth

Deteriorate prevent from doing smth

Intrude upon being related to smth not very important

Constrain non important elements

Stress limit freedom

Writing skills. How to write a summary.

Summary is a formal short piece of writing containing major ideas of the whole text without any details.

Read the text once more for general understanding. Underline the main ideas in each paragraph. Write out them in the logical order briefly supporting with necessary examples, quotations and references. Leave out minor details, excessive ideas, examples and quotations.

Remember, writing a summary a creative process going though typical stages.

Таблица 3. Phrases typical of summary.

Itroductory phrases.	The text written by…entitled…. states that…, The article is devoted to…, gives information about/on…, touches upon the problem, opens with…The author dwells on the problem, discusses, points out.. , gives grounds…
Фразы, перечисляющие точки зрения и аспекты обсуждаемого текста в порядке их следования в рецензируемом тексте.	In the first place..., First of all... To start/begin with. . . Secondly..., Thirdly..., Finally... Last, but not least...
Фразы, добавляющие новые аспекты обсуждаемой проблеме	Furthermore/Moreover/What is more In addition to this/that, Besides/Also... Apart from this/that...It’s necessary to mention the fact that...
Фразы, выражающие причины, уточняющие высказывание	Because..., The reason why... is that... This would mean... By doing this, As a result of this...
Фразы, подчеркивающие контраст, связывающие различающиеся идеи	It is argued that..., Some people argue that.... There are people who oppose... Contrary to what was mentioned above... Opponents of this way say... However..., On the other hand... In spite of /Despite... Even though/ Although... Nevertheless... Otherwise..., Yet...
Фразы, приводящие пример, доказательство либо аргументацию	For example/For instance, Such as, Like, Especially, In particular. "
Заключительные фразы	In conclusion/On the whole To sum up, All in all All things considered To put it in a nutshell... Taking everything into account... etc.

Exercise 2 An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong to the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the text or are minor ideas in it.

This passage discusses fundamental differences between applied-art objects and fine art objects.

Answer choices.

1. The fine arts are only affected by the laws of physics because of limitations of the materials that are used.

2. Applied-art objects are bound by the laws of physics in two ways: by the materials used to make them and the function they are to serve.

3. Crafts are known as “applied arts” because it used to be common to think of them in terms of their function.

4. In the fine arts, artists must work to overcome the limitations of their materials, but in the applied arts, artists work in concert with their materials.

5. Making fine-art objects stable requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight, distribution and stress.

6. In the twentieth century, artists working in the fine arts often treat materials in new ways whereas applied arts specialists continue to think of crafts in terms of function.

Exercise 3.Complete the table below to summarize information about the two types of art discussed in the passage. Match the appropriate statements to the types of art with which they are associated.

Types of art	Statements.
The Applied Arts
The Fine Arts

Statements.

1. An object’s purpose is primarily aesthetic.

2. 0bjects serve a functional purpose.

3. The incidental details of objects do not vary.

4. Artists work to overcome the limitations of their materials.

5. The basic form of objects varies little across cultures.

6. Artists work in concert with their materials.

7. An object’s place of origin is difficult to determine.