- •1.Basic notions of morphology: the morpheme, the allomorph, the word-form, the word. Differences between form-building and word-building affixes.
- •1.Basic notions of morphology: the morpheme, the allomorph, the word-form, the word. Differences between form-building and word-building affixes.
- •2. Grammatical structure of the language. Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Grammatical category.
- •3. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •3.Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •I. Suffixation.
- •4. Principles of classification of words into parts of speech. Functional and notional parts of speech. The problems of parts of speech (interjection, statives, pronouns)
- •4. Princpls of the part of speech classsification. Notional & funct-l Ws. ProN, interject, statives.
- •I. Semantic approach
- •II. Form, meaning, function
- •5. The status of the Article in language str-re. The number of Articles. The meanings and functions.
- •5. The art (a), № of a, def & indef a.
- •6.General characteristics of the noun as a part of speech. The problem of gender. Means of expressing gender.
- •7. The category of number of nouns. The meaning of the singular and the plural number in Modern English.
- •7.The category of number of nouns. The meaning of the singular and the plural number in Modern English.
- •8. The category of case of nouns (Ns). The meanings of the common and the genitive case. Different points of view on the number of cases in Modern English.
- •8.The category of case of nouns. The meanings of the common and the genitive case. Different points of view on the number of cases in Modern English.
- •9. The general characteristics of the verb as a part of speech. The categories of person and number
- •9.General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech. The categories of person and number.
- •10. The Category of Voice. The number of voices in Eng. Types of passive constructions. Reasons for the frequent occurrence of the Passive Voice.
- •10.The category of voice. The number of voices in Modern English. Types of passive constructions in English. Reasons for the frequent occurrence of the passive voice in English.
- •11. The category of Aspect. The meaning of common and continuous aspect. Lexical and grammatical expression of aspect in English
- •11.The category of aspect. The meaning of the common and continuous aspect. Lexical and grammatical expression of aspect in English.
- •12. The category of phase. Various interpretations of the category of phase.
- •Various interpretations
- •12.The category of phase. Various interpretations of the category of phase.
- •13. The category of tense. The number of tenses in Modern English. The
- •13.The category of tense. The number of tenses in Modern English. The meaning of the present and the past tense. The problem of the future tense and the future-in-the past tense in Modern English.
- •14. Objective and subjective modality. Means of expressing modality. Mood and modality
- •14.Objective and subjective modality. Means of expressing modality. Mood and modality.
- •15. The cat of mood. Different points of view on the number of moods in modern Eng. Forms used to express unreality in Eng.
- •15. The cat of mood. Different points of view on the number of moods in modern Eng. Forms used to express unreality in Eng.
- •10 Forms to express unreality:
- •15.The category of Mood. Different points of view on the number of Moods in Modern English. Forms used to express unreality in English.
- •16 Agreement in number between the subject and the predicate in Modem English.
- •18. Word-groups and sentences: basic differences. Classification of word-qroups based on syntactical relations between the members of the word-group:
- •18.Word groups and sentences: basic differences. Classification of word-groups based on syntactical relations between the members of the word-group: coordinate, subordinate, predicative, cumulative.
- •19. Predication. Means of expressing predication
- •20. Syntactic relations btw Ws: coordination, subordination, interdependence, cumulation, apposition. Means of expressing Syn relations: agreement, government, word order, function words, parenthesis.
- •21 Classification of sentences based on their structure. The simple
- •21. Classification of sentences based on their structure. The simple sentence. The composite sentence.
- •22. Classification of sentences based on the communicative purpose of the utterance (declarative, interrogative, imperative).
- •Inversion:
- •Imperative sentences
- •22. Classification of sentences based on the communicative purpose of utterance (declarative, interrogative, imperative (and exclamatory)).
- •23. Compound and complex sentences. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •23. Compound and complex sentences. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •24. Elliptical sentences. Types of ellipsis
- •24. Elliptical sentences. Types of ellipsis.
- •25. Principal Parts of the Sent. The subject. Types of subjects. The problem of anticipatory it.
- •25. The principal parts of the s-ce. The subj.Types of subj-s in e.The problem of the anticipatory it.
- •26. Principal parts of the sentence. The predicate. Different classifications of the predicate.
- •26. The principal parts of the s-ce.The predicate.Diff-t classifications of the predicate.
- •27. Difficulties in analyzing secondary parts of sentence. Means of their expression.
- •27. Difficulties in analyzing secondary parts of the s-ce.Means of their expression.
- •28. Text as a str.& semantic unit of communication.Types of texts. Gram.Means of expressing cohesion in texts
- •29.Transformational-generative grammar. The notion of kernel sentences. The procedure of embedding. Analysis of sentences in transformational grammar.
- •29. Transformational-generative grammar. The notion of kernel sentences. The procedure of embedding.
- •30. Semantic Syntax. The theory of deep cases. Controversial issues of Fillmore's theory.
- •30. Deep and surface structures. The theory of deep cases. Controversial issues of Ch. Fillmore’s theory.
- •31 Semantic syntax. Deep and surface structures. Semantic relations between noun
- •31. Semantic relations between noun and verb: agent, patient
- •32. Semantic syntax. Deep and surface structures. Semantic relations between noun and verb: beneficiary, experiencer.
- •3. The beneficiary:
- •4. The experiencer:
- •32.Semantic relations between noun and verb: beneficiary, experiencer
- •33. Semantic syntax. Deep and surface structures. Semantic relations between noun and verb: instrument, location.
- •1. Instrument
- •2. Location Locative verbs:
- •33.Semantic relations between noun and verb: instrument, location
- •34. Actual division of the sentence. The notions of the theme and rheme. Thematic subjects in English
- •34. Actual division of the sentence. The notions of the theme and the rheme. Thematic subjects in English.
- •American linguist Halliday – the terms “given and new info”
- •3) The e Sub may denote the object of the action in an active sentence.
- •4) The Eng Subject may denote the circumstances of thr event.
- •35. Actual division of the sentence. The notions of the theme and the rheme. Means of expressing the rheme.
- •2) The introductory “it”
- •3)The inversion of the predicative.
- •4) Intensifying particles (усилительные частицы)
- •5) The (formal) emphatic it
- •36 Actual division of the sentence. The role of articles in identifying the theme and the rheme.
- •36. Actual division of the sentence. The role of articles in identifying the theme and the rheme.
- •37. Pragmatic syntax. The communicative intention of the speaker. Pragmatic types of sentences.
- •2) Performative Ss (ps)
- •3) Directive Ss(ds) : a) injunctions (orders); b) requests.
- •5) Promises (Ps) and menaces(Ms)
- •38. Pragmatic syntax. Performative Sentences. Performative and non-performative uses of a performative verb.
- •39. Pragmatic syntax. The notion of “illocutionary force”. Transposition of constative sentences.
- •40. Pragmatic syntax. The notion of “illocutionary force”. Transposition of questions.
- •41 The theory of Reference and the Theory of Denotation. The subject Matter of the Theory о Reference
- •41. The theory of reference and the theory of denotation. The subject matter of the theory of reference.
- •42. The referential aspect of the sentence/ utterance. L means of expressing reference in noun phrase and predicate groups.
- •42. The referential aspect of the sentence / utterance.
- •43. The definite reference of a noun. Means of expression the definite reference: explicit and implicit.
- •Implied:
- •43. The definite reference of a noun. Means of expressing the definite reference: explicit and implicit.
- •Implyed pragmatic conditions:
- •44. The indefinite reference: typical contextual sets (their components and internal semantics).
- •Internal semantics:
- •44. The indefinite reference: typical contextual sets (their components and internal semantics).
- •45. Principal approaches to grammatical description: formalist and functional.
- •45. Principal approaches to grammatical description: formalist and functional.
- •46 Functional grammar. The notion of function in different functional approaches.
- •46. Functional grammar. The notion of function in different functional approaches.
- •47. Types of functional analysis: the oppositions "function" - "meaning", "semasiological" - "onomasiological", "language" - "user of language".
- •1)Fn-Mg (opposed/non-opposed)
- •2)Semasiological(from form to Mg)-onomasiological( from Mg to form)
- •3) Lang-users of lang
- •3) Lang-user of lang
- •48. The theory of Functional Semantic Fields. Semantic functions and semantic categories.
- •48. The theory of Functional Semantic Fields(fsf). Semantic functions and semantic categories.
- •49. Functional grammatical synonymy: criteria of synonymy and types of synonyms
- •49. Functional grammatical synonymy: criteria of synonymy and types of synonyms.
- •1) Referential s.
- •2) Denotative s.
- •50. The notion of functional semantic correspondences. Conditions for the mutual substitution of synonyms.
- •Indefinite Reference Criteria:
- •51 The problem of choice of synonyms. The linguistic mechanism of
- •Indefinite reference
- •51. The problem of “choice” of synonyms. The linguistic mechanism of realization of the speaker’s communicative intention.
- •52. The notions of text and discourse. Main similarities and differences.
- •53. Discourse connectedness. Cohesion and coherence. The notion of “referential coherence”.
- •54. Discourse information continuity (continuities of the theme, action, participants, temporal and local continuities).
- •55. Discourse info structure: basic cognitive principles and restrictions in info organization; principles of info division.
- •Info division:
- •56. Theories of information division
- •57. The grounding theory: central notions and ideas
- •58. Discourse pragmatics
3. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
1. Suffixatlon
s [s][z ][lz] |
we employ it to create: a) plural of Ns (dog-dogs) b) genitive of Ns (John - John's) c) 3rd pers sg in Vs d) the absolute form of possessive proNs (hers) |
-ed [d][t][id] |
a) the past tense of regular Vs b) past participle |
- ing |
the present participle and the qerund |
-er |
comparative degree of adjectives |
-est |
superlative degree of adjectives |
-en |
a) only in 'oxen' b) sometimes - past participle of irregular Vs (spoken) |
-ren |
Children |
-ne |
Mine |
-m |
in the objective case of personal proNs 'he'&'they' (him, them) |
1-5: productive suffixes, the rest: non-productive, their use is confined to 1-2 Ws Their general characteristics:
1)small number of inflectional suffixes, high frequency of use
2)broad application
3)many homonymous suffixes
4)many English W-forms are characterized by absence of any suffix (this is considered significant by some gr-rians, eg всеми любимый Бахударов или как он там пишется: no special mph in the sg but meaning of 1ness is nevertheless present - the zero mph. To create a pl form we employ suffixes, so the gram meaning of pl-ty is expressed by this mph)
2. Morpho-phonemic alteration (MphA) A meaningful change of vowel or consonants within a mph. MphA occurs within a root of a W. Used to express a certain gr meaning. Foot - feet, take - took Not productive in modern English - majority of new Ws tend to employ suffixation.
3. Supplition (Sp)
The extreme case of MphA. The phonetic root of the W changes completely. Not productive, limited to the Ws: Be - was/were - been Go - went - gone Good - better - best Bad - worse - worst I - me We - us She - her
All the means of W-building are synthetic by nature, they show relations btw Ws by the change of the W itself.
A W-form can be analytical by str-re (consists of more than 1 W: is going). Equivalent to 1 W, expresses one unified content of a W (from the point of view of both gr and lex meaning). Distinctive sign of an analytical form is discontinuous mph
Eg: perfect forms (have+ -ed), Continuous (be+ -ing), Passive (be+ -ed)
3.Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
Form-building
morpheme is always a member of opposition [s (pl) – 0
(sg)]. The definition of morpheme is hard to produce. Bloomfield:
defined morpheme as a minimum miningful unit. But this definition is
defective as ir doesn’t specify the kind of meaning we are
discussing. Greasen:
morpheme is a minimal unit in the plain of expression which relates
to some unit in the plain of content. But morphemes in Eng are mostly
lexical. In moderm grammar the following definition has become
popular:
A
form-building morpheme is an element of the word which signals the
presence of grammatical meaning attached to the word by the presence
of this morpheme. The
morpheme has a relational grammatical meaning. Form-building morpheme
is always a member of opposition [s (pl) – 0
(sg)]. A morpheme has an exponent of a grammatical category.
A word form may be equivalent to a word (see, saw) or it may take up more than a word (has been doing). A word form is an isolated unit of grammar, since it carries some grammar information. The lexical meaning becomes irrelevant when we want to define its status.
!!! в аналитических формах и вспомогательные и главные части имеют грамматическое значение.