18. Word-groups and sentences: basic differences. Classification of word-qroups based on syntactical relations between the members of the word-group:

coordinate, subordinate, pfedicative> cumulative.

Syntax deals with both sentences and word-groups.

Смирницкий: the analysis of sentences ma in problem of syntax, analysis word-groups=secondary, because joining of words into word-groups is only a step, toward making a sentence.

Word-groups Sentences

* not complete (structurally-and semantically) * units of speech (can function as independent utterances)

* can't be used as units of communication

Fundamental feature that distinguishes a sentence from a word-group=INTONATION

*noun+verb ≠word-group * normally contain a verb in-afinite form

(noun+verb=subject&predicate)

Word-group - logical and grammatical combination of 2 or more words which don't form a sentence.

Sentence - basic unit of communication, grammatically organized and expressing a complete thought.

Traditional grammar => 2 types of syntactic relations between words: coordination, subordination

Coordination: grammatical' equality of words joined together; is realized by coordinating conjunctions or by word-order: John and Mary; John, Mary or Marinka

When connection is realized by word order -> asyndetic coordination (бессоюзие) + only homogenious members of the sentence can be joined by coordination

Subordination: implies Inequality in the grammatical status of words in the sentence -one of the words becomes the head of the phrase & the other =the modifier subordinated to the head. John's room/ his- book

Can be expressed by agreement (согласование) and government (управление).

AGREEMENT

Kind of relation in which the subordinated word takes a form similar to that of the head-word's

- Ильиш: only 2 cases of agreement -> demonstrative pronouns "this/that", "these/those" (agree in number).

- Some grammarians: "agreement" can be applied to word-groups in which words belong to different grammatical classes

When everybody has given his, opinion... (agrees in number with everybody; colloquial - ...has given their opinion )

- between the subject and the object She's making a cake for herself

He injured himself in the bottom.

the form of The subordinated word

is determined by the head-word but

isn't similar to it.

GOVERNMENT

-the form of the subordinated waod is detemined by the head-word but isn’t similar to it

- extremely limited: the predicate verb governs the form of the object expressed by a personal pronoun, because the personal proN is to be used in the objective case: He gave him/her/me a book.

Modern English: analytical means to reveal subordination, most important - word order prepositions.

Predicative relations (так их зовут Смирницкий с Бархударовым; = interdependence)

Relations between the subject and the predicate:

- subject determines the gram, form of the predicate (person&number) I am, he reads

- predicate ascribes to the subject some action, state or quality He went, he is old, he is married

Cumulation (кумуляция)

subordinated

His new coatnew coat

Subordinated his new; some old = > somehow connected with each other

Easy to prove: can't change their word order,

Subordinated the relations between them are not very distinct;

Subordinated lectors can't be identified, only against the background of

Subordinated the head-word in the word-group

Also cumulation between nouns in:

To write John a letter

There's some strange relation between John and

a letter (can't change their position, we are to

introduce a preposition “to”)