- •1.Basic notions of morphology: the morpheme, the allomorph, the word-form, the word. Differences between form-building and word-building affixes.
- •1.Basic notions of morphology: the morpheme, the allomorph, the word-form, the word. Differences between form-building and word-building affixes.
- •2. Grammatical structure of the language. Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Grammatical category.
- •3. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •3.Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •I. Suffixation.
- •4. Principles of classification of words into parts of speech. Functional and notional parts of speech. The problems of parts of speech (interjection, statives, pronouns)
- •4. Princpls of the part of speech classsification. Notional & funct-l Ws. ProN, interject, statives.
- •I. Semantic approach
- •II. Form, meaning, function
- •5. The status of the Article in language str-re. The number of Articles. The meanings and functions.
- •5. The art (a), № of a, def & indef a.
- •6.General characteristics of the noun as a part of speech. The problem of gender. Means of expressing gender.
- •7. The category of number of nouns. The meaning of the singular and the plural number in Modern English.
- •7.The category of number of nouns. The meaning of the singular and the plural number in Modern English.
- •8. The category of case of nouns (Ns). The meanings of the common and the genitive case. Different points of view on the number of cases in Modern English.
- •8.The category of case of nouns. The meanings of the common and the genitive case. Different points of view on the number of cases in Modern English.
- •9. The general characteristics of the verb as a part of speech. The categories of person and number
- •9.General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech. The categories of person and number.
- •10. The Category of Voice. The number of voices in Eng. Types of passive constructions. Reasons for the frequent occurrence of the Passive Voice.
- •10.The category of voice. The number of voices in Modern English. Types of passive constructions in English. Reasons for the frequent occurrence of the passive voice in English.
- •11. The category of Aspect. The meaning of common and continuous aspect. Lexical and grammatical expression of aspect in English
- •11.The category of aspect. The meaning of the common and continuous aspect. Lexical and grammatical expression of aspect in English.
- •12. The category of phase. Various interpretations of the category of phase.
- •Various interpretations
- •12.The category of phase. Various interpretations of the category of phase.
- •13. The category of tense. The number of tenses in Modern English. The
- •13.The category of tense. The number of tenses in Modern English. The meaning of the present and the past tense. The problem of the future tense and the future-in-the past tense in Modern English.
- •14. Objective and subjective modality. Means of expressing modality. Mood and modality
- •14.Objective and subjective modality. Means of expressing modality. Mood and modality.
- •15. The cat of mood. Different points of view on the number of moods in modern Eng. Forms used to express unreality in Eng.
- •15. The cat of mood. Different points of view on the number of moods in modern Eng. Forms used to express unreality in Eng.
- •10 Forms to express unreality:
- •15.The category of Mood. Different points of view on the number of Moods in Modern English. Forms used to express unreality in English.
- •16 Agreement in number between the subject and the predicate in Modem English.
- •18. Word-groups and sentences: basic differences. Classification of word-qroups based on syntactical relations between the members of the word-group:
- •18.Word groups and sentences: basic differences. Classification of word-groups based on syntactical relations between the members of the word-group: coordinate, subordinate, predicative, cumulative.
- •19. Predication. Means of expressing predication
- •20. Syntactic relations btw Ws: coordination, subordination, interdependence, cumulation, apposition. Means of expressing Syn relations: agreement, government, word order, function words, parenthesis.
- •21 Classification of sentences based on their structure. The simple
- •21. Classification of sentences based on their structure. The simple sentence. The composite sentence.
- •22. Classification of sentences based on the communicative purpose of the utterance (declarative, interrogative, imperative).
- •Inversion:
- •Imperative sentences
- •22. Classification of sentences based on the communicative purpose of utterance (declarative, interrogative, imperative (and exclamatory)).
- •23. Compound and complex sentences. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •23. Compound and complex sentences. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •24. Elliptical sentences. Types of ellipsis
- •24. Elliptical sentences. Types of ellipsis.
- •25. Principal Parts of the Sent. The subject. Types of subjects. The problem of anticipatory it.
- •25. The principal parts of the s-ce. The subj.Types of subj-s in e.The problem of the anticipatory it.
- •26. Principal parts of the sentence. The predicate. Different classifications of the predicate.
- •26. The principal parts of the s-ce.The predicate.Diff-t classifications of the predicate.
- •27. Difficulties in analyzing secondary parts of sentence. Means of their expression.
- •27. Difficulties in analyzing secondary parts of the s-ce.Means of their expression.
- •28. Text as a str.& semantic unit of communication.Types of texts. Gram.Means of expressing cohesion in texts
- •29.Transformational-generative grammar. The notion of kernel sentences. The procedure of embedding. Analysis of sentences in transformational grammar.
- •29. Transformational-generative grammar. The notion of kernel sentences. The procedure of embedding.
- •30. Semantic Syntax. The theory of deep cases. Controversial issues of Fillmore's theory.
- •30. Deep and surface structures. The theory of deep cases. Controversial issues of Ch. Fillmore’s theory.
- •31 Semantic syntax. Deep and surface structures. Semantic relations between noun
- •31. Semantic relations between noun and verb: agent, patient
- •32. Semantic syntax. Deep and surface structures. Semantic relations between noun and verb: beneficiary, experiencer.
- •3. The beneficiary:
- •4. The experiencer:
- •32.Semantic relations between noun and verb: beneficiary, experiencer
- •33. Semantic syntax. Deep and surface structures. Semantic relations between noun and verb: instrument, location.
- •1. Instrument
- •2. Location Locative verbs:
- •33.Semantic relations between noun and verb: instrument, location
- •34. Actual division of the sentence. The notions of the theme and rheme. Thematic subjects in English
- •34. Actual division of the sentence. The notions of the theme and the rheme. Thematic subjects in English.
- •American linguist Halliday – the terms “given and new info”
- •3) The e Sub may denote the object of the action in an active sentence.
- •4) The Eng Subject may denote the circumstances of thr event.
- •35. Actual division of the sentence. The notions of the theme and the rheme. Means of expressing the rheme.
- •2) The introductory “it”
- •3)The inversion of the predicative.
- •4) Intensifying particles (усилительные частицы)
- •5) The (formal) emphatic it
- •36 Actual division of the sentence. The role of articles in identifying the theme and the rheme.
- •36. Actual division of the sentence. The role of articles in identifying the theme and the rheme.
- •37. Pragmatic syntax. The communicative intention of the speaker. Pragmatic types of sentences.
- •2) Performative Ss (ps)
- •3) Directive Ss(ds) : a) injunctions (orders); b) requests.
- •5) Promises (Ps) and menaces(Ms)
- •38. Pragmatic syntax. Performative Sentences. Performative and non-performative uses of a performative verb.
- •39. Pragmatic syntax. The notion of “illocutionary force”. Transposition of constative sentences.
- •40. Pragmatic syntax. The notion of “illocutionary force”. Transposition of questions.
- •41 The theory of Reference and the Theory of Denotation. The subject Matter of the Theory о Reference
- •41. The theory of reference and the theory of denotation. The subject matter of the theory of reference.
- •42. The referential aspect of the sentence/ utterance. L means of expressing reference in noun phrase and predicate groups.
- •42. The referential aspect of the sentence / utterance.
- •43. The definite reference of a noun. Means of expression the definite reference: explicit and implicit.
- •Implied:
- •43. The definite reference of a noun. Means of expressing the definite reference: explicit and implicit.
- •Implyed pragmatic conditions:
- •44. The indefinite reference: typical contextual sets (their components and internal semantics).
- •Internal semantics:
- •44. The indefinite reference: typical contextual sets (their components and internal semantics).
- •45. Principal approaches to grammatical description: formalist and functional.
- •45. Principal approaches to grammatical description: formalist and functional.
- •46 Functional grammar. The notion of function in different functional approaches.
- •46. Functional grammar. The notion of function in different functional approaches.
- •47. Types of functional analysis: the oppositions "function" - "meaning", "semasiological" - "onomasiological", "language" - "user of language".
- •1)Fn-Mg (opposed/non-opposed)
- •2)Semasiological(from form to Mg)-onomasiological( from Mg to form)
- •3) Lang-users of lang
- •3) Lang-user of lang
- •48. The theory of Functional Semantic Fields. Semantic functions and semantic categories.
- •48. The theory of Functional Semantic Fields(fsf). Semantic functions and semantic categories.
- •49. Functional grammatical synonymy: criteria of synonymy and types of synonyms
- •49. Functional grammatical synonymy: criteria of synonymy and types of synonyms.
- •1) Referential s.
- •2) Denotative s.
- •50. The notion of functional semantic correspondences. Conditions for the mutual substitution of synonyms.
- •Indefinite Reference Criteria:
- •51 The problem of choice of synonyms. The linguistic mechanism of
- •Indefinite reference
- •51. The problem of “choice” of synonyms. The linguistic mechanism of realization of the speaker’s communicative intention.
- •52. The notions of text and discourse. Main similarities and differences.
- •53. Discourse connectedness. Cohesion and coherence. The notion of “referential coherence”.
- •54. Discourse information continuity (continuities of the theme, action, participants, temporal and local continuities).
- •55. Discourse info structure: basic cognitive principles and restrictions in info organization; principles of info division.
- •Info division:
- •56. Theories of information division
- •57. The grounding theory: central notions and ideas
- •58. Discourse pragmatics
11.The category of aspect. The meaning of the common and continuous aspect. Lexical and grammatical expression of aspect in English.
Aspect(A)-a gr. cat-ry, characterizes the way in which the action expressed by the pred-te v is carried out. Russian aspects:perfective и inperfective. A=вид (я читал-я прочитал). In the Rus. l-ge A is a gr. cat-ry, opp-tion of v f-s, in which peculiar suffixes&prefixes ( делать-сделать). In Eng the situation is complicated. Ling-sts still have no uniform opinion concerning the status, the number of A-s&the inventory of f-s. Gram-ns of the avoided A&spoke about Ind, Cont, Perf, Perf. Cont tenses(T). Now eng V has the gr. Cat-ry of A &A can be expressed in 2 ways: 1)Lexically: We speak about the lex. character of the v. Eng.v-s can be terminative (imply a limit beyond which an action can’t continue (to nod, to jump)&non-terminat.-durative(not imply any limit of that kind (to live). Polysemantic v-s can be termin. in 1 m-g,& non-termin. in another (to see-видеть, увидеть). The.distinction b/n dur & term is purely lex-l m-g is clear fr the context. 2)Gramat-ly: A is expressed in opp-tion of Cont&Common A f-s. Foreign ling-ts say 2 A Progressive&Perfective A . Martin Joos :Generic& Temporary A. Cont is marked: marker is discontin-s morph ( to be+ ing). The diff-ce b/n Cont&non~ is not the temporal one. I take-I’m taking – time is the same - pr. Cont denotes an action: a)incomplete b)in progress at the mom under consideration. (E.g.We r taking up psychology this year). The common A describes an action in 1)a general way 2)a complete or in~ (I did my homework yesterday). Бархудар.:´’Common A f-s r to be termed negatively as non-Cont.’’ The exact m-g of Common A is determined by the context. M-gs: 1)a momentary action (She dropped the plate) 2)recurrent actions (I get up at 7 o’clock) 3)actions occupy a period of time (He lived in Moscow) 4)unlimited duration (The Volga flows into the Caspian sea) Ther’s no direct correspondence b/n the Rus&Eng. A.En Com A=Russian perfective & inperfec A. (The girl played играла the piano well. The girl played сыграла a waltz& everybody applauded.En cont A = Russian inperf A. But: The girl was playing играла the piano when I entered-Девушка играла, когда я вошел)
12. The category of phase. Various interpretations of the category of phase.
The category of PHASE = ORDER = TIME CORRELATION
This category is built up by the opposition of PERFECT and NON-PERFECT
forms.
The term "phase" was suggested by Tregqer and Smith (they borrowed it from
the physical theory of electric circuit). => The opposed verbs in the "current
phase" and verbs in the "perfect phase":
1.A verb in the current phase denotes an action which is simultaneous with its effect (= in phase with its effect): He came swiftly. => He was seen the moment he came.
2. A verb in the perfect phase denotes an action which is out of phase with its effect => the effect is delayed and our attention is focused on the result: He has opened the book. => The action of opening is of limited duration and was complete in the past, but the effect is felt at the present.