Chemical industry
1. Chemical industry is a complex of processes, operations, and organizations engaged in the manufacture of chemicals and their derivatives. Although the chemical industry may be described simply as the industry that uses chemistry and manufactures chemicals, this definition is not altogether satisfactory because it leaves open the question of what is a chemical. Definitions adopted for statistical economic purposes vary from country to country.
2. The scope of the chemical industry is in part shaped by custom rather than by logic. The petroleum industry is usually thought of as separate from the chemical industry, for in the early days of the petroleum industry in the 19th century crude oil was merely subjected to a simple distillation treatment. Modem petroleum industrial processes, however, bring about chemical changes, and some of the products of a modem refinery complex are chemicals by any definition. The term petrochemical is used to describe these chemical operations.
3. The boundaries of the chemical industry, then, are somewhat confused. Its main raw materials are the fossil fuels (coal, natural gas. and petroleum). air, water, salt, limestone, sulfur or an equivalent, and some specialized raw materials for special products, such as phosphates and the mineral fluorspar. The chemical industry converts these raw materials into primary, secondary, and tertiary products, a distinction based on the remoteness of the product from the consumer, the primary being remotest.
4. The products are most often end products only as regards the chemical industry'itself: a chief characteristic of the chemical industry is that its products nearly always require further processing before reaching the ultimate consumer. Thus, paradoxically, the chemical industry is its own best customer. An average chemical product is passed from factor}' to factory several times before it emerges from the chemical industry into the market.
(Encyclapgdia BriratmicaJ
1. Определите, является ли утверждение:
The petroleum industry is seperated from the chemical industry.
1) ЛОЖНЫМ
2) в тексте нет информации
3) истинным
2. Определите, является ли утверждение:
The Chemical industry use different raw materials.
1) ЛОЖНЫМ
2) в тексте нет информации
3) истинным
3. Определите, является ли утверждение:
The best consumer of the chemical industry is the chemical industry itself. —
1) ЛОЖНЫМ
2) в тексте нет информации
3) истинным
4. Определите, является ли утверждение:
The chemical industry spends large amounts on research particularly in the highly industrilized countries.
1) ЛОЖНЫМ
2) в тексте нет информации
3) истинным
5.Укажите, какой части текста (I, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
There are different definitions of the chemical industry
6.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Chemical products are processed several times before reaching the consumer market.
7. Определите основную идею текста
1) The chemical industry is aimed at the manufacture of chemicals and i) their derivations which demands special processing before they appear on the market.
2) Chemicals and their derivatives are produced by chemical means using special chemical methods.
3) A chemical product should be passed from factory to factory several times before reaching the consumer.
4) There is competitiveness within the chemical industry and among the chemicals.
Текст 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания