- •Vocabulary
- •Give English equivalents.
- •2. Ask questions according to the models.
- •3. Supply prepositions.
- •4. Complete the sentences. Choose the right word from the list. There are more words than necessary!
- •5. Answer the questions.
- •6. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •7. Write a dictation.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Choose the proper verb form.
- •2. Answer the questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2. Complete the sentences:
- •3. Give English equivalents to the words in brackets:
- •4.Self-assessment questions:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •1. Translate the word combinations into Russian and use them in your own sentences.
- •2. Choose the proper verb form, active or passive.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •2. Supply the proper preposition.
- •Vocabulary
- •Give English equivalents:
- •Answer the questions according to the models:
- •Match the type of the boiler with its principle of classification:
- •Self-assessment questions:
- •5.Translate into English:
- •1. Find the corresponding English translation in the text and memorize the words.
- •2. Put questions to the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Give answers to the questions:
- •2. Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary
- •1.Give English equivalents:
- •2. Ask questions according to the model:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Translate into English.
- •2. Translate the word combinations and use them in your own sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Supply prepositions.
- •2. Answer the questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2.Change these sentences using the modal verbs may, can, must:
- •3. Change these sentences into the passive:
- •4. Supply prepositions:
- •5. Answer the questions:
- •6. TranslateintoEnglish:
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Change these sentences using the modal verbs may, can, must:
- •2. Change these sentences into the passive:
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Give English equivalents.
- •2. Supply prepositions.
- •3.Self-assessment questions.
- •4. Translate the words into Russian.
- •5. Choose the proper verb and put it into the correct form. There are more verbs than necessary.
- •6. Translate into English:
- •Unit VI. The superheater
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •Saturation, inlet, tubes, outlet, drums, safety valve, uptake, headers
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2. Insert prepositions and conjunctions:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •4. Translate the phrases containing comparatives and superlatives:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •1. Find English equivalents in the text.
- •2. Write down all the imperative phrases typical for this instruction.
- •3. Put questions to the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Combine these pairs of sentences by using “if”.
- •2. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •Irregularities in operation, causes and remedies
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Replace the imperative sentences (remedy) by the following structures:
- •2. Translate these phrases into Russian:
Vocabulary
essential, adjосновной
distribution, n распределение
delivery, n снабжение; доставка
generatingtubes водогрейные (испарительные) трубки котла
similar, adj подобный; сходный
distinction, n различие
manhole, n лаз; горловина; отверстие для доступа
access, n доступ; вход
interior, n внутренняя часть
appliance, n устройствo
safeguard, v предохранять
damage, n повреждение
gaugeglass водомерное (водоуказательное) стекло
blowdownvalve клапан продувки котла
stopvalve стопорный (запорный) кран
checkvalve обратный (невозвратный) клапан
steamstopvalve паровой стопорный (запорный) клапан
salinometercockсолемерный кран
pressuregauge манометр; датчик давления
soot blower сажеобдуватель
E X E R C I S E S
1. Give answers to the questions:
Enumerate the parts of a water-tube boiler.
What function do the steam and water drums perform?
What is the difference between the drums and the headers?
Where are generating tubes placed?
Speak about the functions of the furnace, the superheater, the air heater and the economizer.
Why are various appliances installed in the boiler?
What devices are fitted to control the boiler operation?
2. Translate into English:
Часть установки, где сгорает топливо, называется топкой.
Перегрев пара осуществляется в особых устройствах, называемых пароперегревателями.
Воздухоподогреватель служит для подогрева воздуха перед подачей в топку.
Экономайзер – это подогреватель питательной воды.
Для обеспечения безопасной работы котлов на них оборудуется ряд устройств.
К ним относятся предохранительные клапаны, клапан продувки котла, стопорный и обратный клапаны питательной воды, паровые стопорные клапаны, солемерный кран, водомерные стекла, манометры и сажеобдуватели.
UNIT 4
TEXT A
FUEL OIL
The quality of fuel is determined by its elementary composition, calorific (heat) value, viscosity, specific gravity, flash point, ignition temperature, pour point and some other characteristics.
Fuel oil is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen, the amount of each depending on the grade of oil. The chief constituents are carbon and hydrogen.
The calorific value of fuel oil fuelistheheatavailablefromthatfuelwhenitiscompletelyburned. There are two values:
• Higher Calorific Value - the water of combustion is entirely condensed and the heat contained in the water vapor is recovered;
• Lower Calorific Value - the products of combustion contains the water vapour and the heat in the water vapour is not recovered.
The practical method of determining the B.t.u. equivalent of oil fuel is by means of a calorimeter. The B.t.u. equivalent varies from 17,000 to 20,000 per lb. of oil.
Viscosity is the resistance of oil to flow. As temperature affects the flow, the viscosity is usually determined at 50-75-80C. depending on fuel. Heavy oils usually have high viscosity and light oils low viscosity at 50C. Viscosity is obtained by means of a viscosity meter. In Europe to measure viscosity they use either Redwood or Saybolt seconds.
Specific gravity is a relation between the weights of a definite volume of oil and water, both liquids being at the same temperature. The specific gravity is obtained by means of a hydrometer.
Flash point is the temperature at which the fuel is ignited with a small open flame. This flame disappears immediately after ignition.
Ignitiontemperature istheminimumtemperaturerequiredtoignitefueloilvapour in airwithout a flamebeingpresent.
Pour point is the lowest temperature at which the fuel can be easily handled.
Such fuel characteristics as carbon content, ash content, sulphur content, water content, mechanical impurities, total acidity, alkali content, content of vanadium and sodium are also very important.