- •Vocabulary
- •Give English equivalents.
- •2. Ask questions according to the models.
- •3. Supply prepositions.
- •4. Complete the sentences. Choose the right word from the list. There are more words than necessary!
- •5. Answer the questions.
- •6. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •7. Write a dictation.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Choose the proper verb form.
- •2. Answer the questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2. Complete the sentences:
- •3. Give English equivalents to the words in brackets:
- •4.Self-assessment questions:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •1. Translate the word combinations into Russian and use them in your own sentences.
- •2. Choose the proper verb form, active or passive.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •2. Supply the proper preposition.
- •Vocabulary
- •Give English equivalents:
- •Answer the questions according to the models:
- •Match the type of the boiler with its principle of classification:
- •Self-assessment questions:
- •5.Translate into English:
- •1. Find the corresponding English translation in the text and memorize the words.
- •2. Put questions to the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Give answers to the questions:
- •2. Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary
- •1.Give English equivalents:
- •2. Ask questions according to the model:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Translate into English.
- •2. Translate the word combinations and use them in your own sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Supply prepositions.
- •2. Answer the questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2.Change these sentences using the modal verbs may, can, must:
- •3. Change these sentences into the passive:
- •4. Supply prepositions:
- •5. Answer the questions:
- •6. TranslateintoEnglish:
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Change these sentences using the modal verbs may, can, must:
- •2. Change these sentences into the passive:
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Give English equivalents.
- •2. Supply prepositions.
- •3.Self-assessment questions.
- •4. Translate the words into Russian.
- •5. Choose the proper verb and put it into the correct form. There are more verbs than necessary.
- •6. Translate into English:
- •Unit VI. The superheater
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •Saturation, inlet, tubes, outlet, drums, safety valve, uptake, headers
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2. Insert prepositions and conjunctions:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •4. Translate the phrases containing comparatives and superlatives:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •1. Find English equivalents in the text.
- •2. Write down all the imperative phrases typical for this instruction.
- •3. Put questions to the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Combine these pairs of sentences by using “if”.
- •2. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •Irregularities in operation, causes and remedies
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Replace the imperative sentences (remedy) by the following structures:
- •2. Translate these phrases into Russian:
5.Translate into English:
В водотрубном котле вода циркулирует в трубках.
Форсунки расположены на фронте котла.
Пароперегреватель подогревает пар, а экономайзер – питательную воду.
Циркуляция в котле может быть естественной и принудительной.
Котлы подразделяются на котлы низкого, среднего и высокого давления.
Котлы могут быть одно-, двух- и трехбарабанные.
Наклон котельных трубок может быть от 30 до 90.
Пароперегреватель располагается вертикально или горизонтально.
Водотрубные котлы бывают однопроточными и двухпроточными.
TEXT B
WATER-TUBE BOILERS
The water-tube boiler is used to generate steam having high pressure and temperature. It is a type of the boiler in which water circulates in tubes heated externally by the fire. Fuel is burned inside the furnace, creating hot gas which heats water in the steam-generating tubes.
The heated water then rises into the steam drum. Here, saturated steam is drawn off from the top of the drum. The steam enters the furnace through a superheater to become superheated. Superheated steam is steam that is heated above the boiling point at a given pressure. Superheated steam is a dry gas and therefore used to drive turbines, since water droplets can severely damage turbine blades.
Cool water at the bottom of the steam drum returns to the water drum through large-bore downcomer tubes.
Water-tubeboilersarethemostwidelyusedboilers. Theyhavereplacedmanyboilers, includingthefire-tubetype, mainlybecauseofthefollowingreasons:
Theweightofthewater-tubeboilerismuchlessthananytypeofboilerofequivalentsize.
Steamraisingandsteamgenerationprocessismuchfaster.
Thedesigncanincludeanykindofmodifications.
Ithasveryhighefficiencythantherestoftheboilers.
Thedesignfacilitatesgoodnaturalcirculationofthefeedwater.
E X E R C I S E S
1. Find the corresponding English translation in the text and memorize the words.
Вырабатывать пар, циркулировать по трубам, с внешней стороны, создавать, подниматься, насыщенный пар, отводить пар, верхняя часть барабана, точка (температура) кипения, сухой газ, капли воды, сильно повредить лопатки турбины, нисходящие трубы, вес, остальные котлы, способствовать.
2. Put questions to the sentences.
1. Hot gases heat water in the steam-generating tubes.
2. Saturated steam is drawn off from the top of the drum.
3. The steam enters the furnace through a superheater to become superheated.
4. Water droplets can severely damage turbine blades.
5. Cool water at the bottom of the steam drum returns to the water drum through large-bore downcomer tubes.
TEXT C
PARTS OF WATER-TUBE BOILERS
All water-tube boilers have the following essential parts:
The steam drum, which provides a reservoir for the water, its distribution to the tubes, a place for separation of steam and water and collection of the steam for delivery.
The water drum, which provides the distribution of water, entering it from the downcomers, to the screen and generating tubes.
Headers, which perform a similar duty to that of the drums. In general, the drums are large enough to be entered through manholes, and access to the interior of the headers is provided by hands.
Generating tubes, which consist of numerous small diameter tubes around which the hot gases circulate and in which the water receives heat to become steam.
The furnace, which is used for combustion of fuel and generating hot gases.
The superheater, which superheats the steam.
The air heater, which is used to heat the air.
The economizer, which heats the feed water before the drum.
Various appliances to control the operation and to safeguard the boiler and personnel from possible damage. These include safety valves, gauge glasses, blowdown valve, feed water stop and check valves, steam stop valves, salinometer cock, pressure gauges and soot blowers.