- •Vocabulary
- •Give English equivalents.
- •2. Ask questions according to the models.
- •3. Supply prepositions.
- •4. Complete the sentences. Choose the right word from the list. There are more words than necessary!
- •5. Answer the questions.
- •6. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •7. Write a dictation.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Choose the proper verb form.
- •2. Answer the questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2. Complete the sentences:
- •3. Give English equivalents to the words in brackets:
- •4.Self-assessment questions:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •1. Translate the word combinations into Russian and use them in your own sentences.
- •2. Choose the proper verb form, active or passive.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •2. Supply the proper preposition.
- •Vocabulary
- •Give English equivalents:
- •Answer the questions according to the models:
- •Match the type of the boiler with its principle of classification:
- •Self-assessment questions:
- •5.Translate into English:
- •1. Find the corresponding English translation in the text and memorize the words.
- •2. Put questions to the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Give answers to the questions:
- •2. Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary
- •1.Give English equivalents:
- •2. Ask questions according to the model:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Translate into English.
- •2. Translate the word combinations and use them in your own sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Supply prepositions.
- •2. Answer the questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2.Change these sentences using the modal verbs may, can, must:
- •3. Change these sentences into the passive:
- •4. Supply prepositions:
- •5. Answer the questions:
- •6. TranslateintoEnglish:
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Change these sentences using the modal verbs may, can, must:
- •2. Change these sentences into the passive:
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Give English equivalents.
- •2. Supply prepositions.
- •3.Self-assessment questions.
- •4. Translate the words into Russian.
- •5. Choose the proper verb and put it into the correct form. There are more verbs than necessary.
- •6. Translate into English:
- •Unit VI. The superheater
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •Saturation, inlet, tubes, outlet, drums, safety valve, uptake, headers
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2. Insert prepositions and conjunctions:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •4. Translate the phrases containing comparatives and superlatives:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •1. Find English equivalents in the text.
- •2. Write down all the imperative phrases typical for this instruction.
- •3. Put questions to the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Combine these pairs of sentences by using “if”.
- •2. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •Irregularities in operation, causes and remedies
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Replace the imperative sentences (remedy) by the following structures:
- •2. Translate these phrases into Russian:
Vocabulary
auxiliary (donkey) boiler вспомогательныйкотел
propeller, n гребнойвинт; движитель
shell, n кожух
naturalcirculationboiler котел с естественной циркуляцией
forcedcirculationboiler котел с принудительной циркуляцией
densitydifference разность плотностей
rate, n скорость; степень
naturaldraftboiler котел на естественной тяге
forceddraftboiler котел с вентиляционным дутьем
superchargedboiler котел с наддувом
fan, n вентилятор
uptake, n дымоход
E X E R C I S E S
1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
По назначению; классифицировать; главный двигатель; обогрев топливных и масляных цистерн; судовые нужды; цилиндрической формы; внизу; средняя часть котла; заменять; движение воды и пароводяной смеси; происходить; по способу подачи воздуха; под давлением; равный; атмосферное давление.
2. Complete the sentences:
1. By the purpose they are designed for marine boilers can be classified as … .
By their structure boilers are classified as … .
In a Scotch boiler the furnace … .
The number of furnaces in the fire-tube boilers depends on … .
The water-tube boiler is used for … .
The process of natural circulation occurs due to … .
The circulation in the boiler is called the forced one because … .
By the way they are supplied with air boilers are classified as … .
3. Give English equivalents to the words in brackets:
(По назначению котлы делятся на) mainandauxiliaryboilers.
(Поконструктивномуисполнению) boilers may be classified as the fire-tube and the water-tube boilers.
(Попринципудвиженияводыипароводянойсмеси) all boilers can be classified as natural and forced circulation boilers.
(Поспособуподачивоздуханагорениетоплива, т.е. подавлениювтопке) boilers are classified as natural draft, forced draft and supercharged boilers.
4.Self-assessment questions:
How are marine boilers classified by the purpose they are designed for?
Can you compare main and auxiliary boilers?
How are boilers classified by their structure?
Explain the difference between the fire-tube and the water-tube boilers.
What can you say about natural and forced circulation boilers?
What do you know about natural draft, forced draft and supercharged boilers?
5. Translate into English:
Главные котлы обеспечивают паром главный двигатель, приводящий в движение гребной винт.
Вспомогательный котел выдает пар только для вспомогательных механизмов.
По конструктивному исполнению котлы могут быть разделены на огнетрубные и водотрубные.
В огнетрубном котле топка со всех сторон окружена водой.
В водотрубных котлах питательная вода движется внутри труб, которые окружены горячими газами.
По принципу движения воды и пароводяной смеси все котлы можно разделить на агрегаты с естественной циркуляцией и с принудительным током воды.
Процесс естественной циркуляции происходит за счет разности плотностей воды и пароводяной смеси.
По способу подачи воздуха на горение топлива котлы можно разделить на обычные и с наддувом.
TEXT B
BOILER CLASSIFICATION
Boilers vary considerably in detail and design.
In the following paragraphs, the classification of marine boilers according to intended service, location of fire and water spaces, type of circulation are considered.
Intended service
By this method of classification, marine boilers are divided into two classes, propulsion boilers and auxiliary boilers. Propulsion boilers are used to provide steam for ships' propulsion and for vital auxiliaries’ services. Auxiliary boilers are installed in diesel-driven ships and in many steam-driven ships. They supply the steam and hot water for galley, heating etc. and for other auxiliary requirements in port.
Location of fire and water spaces
One of the basic classifications of boilers is according to the location of the fire and water spaces. By this method of classification, boilers are divided into two classes, fire-tube boilers and water-tube boilers.
In the fire-tube boilers, the gases of combustion flow through the tubes and heat the water that surrounds the tubes. In water-tube boilers, the water flows through the tubes and is heated by the gases of combustion that fill the furnace and heat the outside metal surfaces of the tubes.
All propulsion boilers are of the water-tube type. Auxiliary boilers may be either fire-tube or water-tube boilers.
Type of circulation
Water-tube boilers are further classified according to the method of water circulation. Water-tube boilers may be classified as natural circulation boilers or forced circulation boilers.
In natural circulation boilers, the circulation of water depends on the difference between the density of an ascending mixture of hot water and steam and a descending body of relatively cool and steam-free water.
Forced circulation boilers are quite different in design from the boilers that use natural circulation. Forced circulation boilers depend upon pumps, rather than upon natural differences in density, for the circulation of water within the boiler.
E X E R C I S E S