
- •Vocabulary
- •Give English equivalents.
- •2. Ask questions according to the models.
- •3. Supply prepositions.
- •4. Complete the sentences. Choose the right word from the list. There are more words than necessary!
- •5. Answer the questions.
- •6. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •7. Write a dictation.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Choose the proper verb form.
- •2. Answer the questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2. Complete the sentences:
- •3. Give English equivalents to the words in brackets:
- •4.Self-assessment questions:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •1. Translate the word combinations into Russian and use them in your own sentences.
- •2. Choose the proper verb form, active or passive.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •2. Supply the proper preposition.
- •Vocabulary
- •Give English equivalents:
- •Answer the questions according to the models:
- •Match the type of the boiler with its principle of classification:
- •Self-assessment questions:
- •5.Translate into English:
- •1. Find the corresponding English translation in the text and memorize the words.
- •2. Put questions to the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Give answers to the questions:
- •2. Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary
- •1.Give English equivalents:
- •2. Ask questions according to the model:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Translate into English.
- •2. Translate the word combinations and use them in your own sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Supply prepositions.
- •2. Answer the questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2.Change these sentences using the modal verbs may, can, must:
- •3. Change these sentences into the passive:
- •4. Supply prepositions:
- •5. Answer the questions:
- •6. TranslateintoEnglish:
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Change these sentences using the modal verbs may, can, must:
- •2. Change these sentences into the passive:
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Give English equivalents.
- •2. Supply prepositions.
- •3.Self-assessment questions.
- •4. Translate the words into Russian.
- •5. Choose the proper verb and put it into the correct form. There are more verbs than necessary.
- •6. Translate into English:
- •Unit VI. The superheater
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •Saturation, inlet, tubes, outlet, drums, safety valve, uptake, headers
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •Vocabulary
- •1. GiveEnglishequivalents:
- •2. Insert prepositions and conjunctions:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •4. Translate the phrases containing comparatives and superlatives:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •1. Find English equivalents in the text.
- •2. Write down all the imperative phrases typical for this instruction.
- •3. Put questions to the sentences.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Combine these pairs of sentences by using “if”.
- •2. TranslateintoEnglish.
- •Irregularities in operation, causes and remedies
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Replace the imperative sentences (remedy) by the following structures:
- •2. Translate these phrases into Russian:
4. Answer the questions:
1. What characteristics should be known to determine the quality of fuel?
2. What is oil composed of?
What does the grade of oil depend on?
What is the calorific value?
How do we measure the heat value of fuel oil?
Is viscosity essential for fuel practicability?
Does the temperature affect the flow?
What is the specific gravity?
What is the difference between the flash point and the ignition temperature?
Why is it necessary to know the pour point?
What other characteristics should we know?
5. Translate into English.
Качество топлива определяется его элементарным составом, теплотой сгорания, вязкостью, удельным весом, температурой вспышки, температурой воспламенения и застывания, а также некоторыми другими характеристиками.
Топливо состоит из следующих химических элементов – углерода, водорода, кислорода, азота и частично серы.
Теплота сгорания топлива – это тепловая энергия, высвобождаемая во время сгорания.
Различают две теплоты сгорания: высшую и низшую.
Вязкость – это сопротивление при течении жидкости.
Вязкость определяют с помощью вискозиметров.
Тяжелое топливо обычно характеризуется высокой вязкостью.
Удельный вес - это соотношение веса определенных равных объемов топлива и воды.
При температуре воспламенения топливо начинает гореть.
Температура застывания – это самая низкая температура, при которой топливо можно перекачивать.
Следует также принимать во внимание следующие характеристики топлива: содержание золы, серы, влаги, содержание механических примесей, общую кислотность и некоторые другие характеристики.
TEXT B
Fuel oils characteristics
Fueloilshavevarious characteristicswhichdeterminetheirperformanceandarequoted in specifications.
Thespecificgravityis theweightof a givenvolumeoffuelcomparedtotheweightofthesamevolumeofwaterexpressedas a ratio, andmeasuredat a fixedtemperature.
Viscosityis a resistancetoflow. A highlyviscousfuelwillthereforerequireheating in ordertomakeitflow. MeasurementofviscosityisbyRedwood, Sayboltseconds for agivenvolumeoffuel.
Theignitionqualityoffuelismeasuredbythetimedelaybetweeninjectionandcombustion, whichshouldbeshortforgoodcontrolledburning.
Theflashpointisthe temperature at which the fuel is ignited with a small open flame.
Thepourpointisslightlyabovethetemperatureatwhichthefueljustflowsunderitsownweight. Itisthelowesttemperatureatwhichthefuelcanbeeasilyhandled.
Sulphurcontentisofimportancesinceitisconsidered a causeofenginewear. A maximumlimitisusuallyincluded in specifications.
Thecalorificvalueof a fuelistheheatenergyreleasedduringcombustion. Twovaluesareused, themorecommonbeingtheHigherCalorificValue, whichistheheatenergyresultingfromcombustion.TheLowerCalorificValueis a measureoftheheatenergyavailableanddoesnotincludetheheatenergycontained in steamproducedduringcombustionbutpassingawayasexhaust. Themeasurementisobtainedfrom a calorimetertestwhere a smallfuelquantityisburntundercontrolledconditions.
E X E R C I S E S
1. Choose the proper word or word combination from the list. There are more words than necessary. Translate the sentences into Russian.
Hydrometer; the ignition quality; the flash point; calorific value; pour point; heavy; specific gravity; the Lower Calorific Value; viscosity
… is the lowest temperature at which the fuel can be easily handled.
… oils usually have high viscosity.
… is a relation between the weights of a definite volume of oil and water.
In Europe to measure … they use either Redwood or Saybolt seconds.
… is the heat energy available and does not include the heat energy passing away as exhaust.
… of a fuel is measured by the time delay between injection and combustion, which should be short for good controlled burning.
… is the temperature at which the fuel is ignited with a small open flame.