4. Answer the following questions.

1. What is arthritis?

2. In what part of the body can arthritis attack joints?

3. What are the symptoms of arthritis?

4. What kinds of arthritis do older people have most often?

5. Give the definition of osteoporosis.

6. Where do fractures occur most often?

7. Why is osteoporosis often called a "silent disease"?

8. What does scoliosis cause?

9. When is scoliosis most common?

10. What are the symptoms of scoliosis?

11. What is osteomyelitis?

12. What is the clinical picture of osteomyelitis?

13. Does osteomyelitis require treatment?

5. Complete the sentences with the words given below:

1. Most types of arthritis are ... .

2. Osteoporosis is the major underlying cause of ... in postmenopausal women and the elderly.

3. Bones affected by osteoporosis may become so fragile that fractures occur… .

4. Girls are more likely to have scoliosis than ... .

5. Once considered ... , osteomyelitis can be successfully treated today.

a) fractures, b) boys, c) chronic, d) incurable, e) spontaneously

6. Read and comprehend the text from the book The Language of Medicine by D. E. Chabner and the articles. Get ready to narrate what they are about. Pay attention to the medical terms and learn them in a sug­gested context:

Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone and bone marrow. This inflammation involves the soft parts of the bone, especially the bone marrow in the medullary cavity of the bone. The hard, calcified part of the bone becomes sof­tened as well, as a result of the inflammation.

The etiology of osteomyelitis is bacterial. Staphylococci¹ invade the blood stream after gaining access to the body through the skin. Sometimes trauma to the skin and bone leads to rupture of blood vessels so that the staphylococci begin to grow in blood clots and injured tissue.

The clinical course involves bone abscess (inflammation and pus collection) and eventually death of bone tissue with thrombosis of blood vessels in the bone marrow. Seques­trum is the term used to describe a piece of dead bone tis­sue. The entire body may become involved in the disease if the thrombi carrying staphylococci spread to the organs and pyemia develops.

Antibiotic therapy can correct the condition once a cor­rect diagnosis is made so that the abscess and thrombosis formation can be averted.

Note

¹Staphylococci бактерії родини мікрококів, клітини яких утворюють гроноподібні скупчення. Спричиняють на­гноєння ран, абсцеси, фурункули тощо.

Podiatry

Podiatry is the treatment of the feet or foot disorders by a trained specialist; chiropody.

Podiatry is generally regarded as the American English synonym of British chiropody, but signs of its importation across the Atlantic may have to do not so much with linguistic borrowings as with changes in chiropodic practice. For in the USA chiropodists routinely give treatments (such as minor surgery) which arc not traditional in Bri­tain, but which in recent years have been increasingly introduced there (often in the face of opposition from orthopaedic surgeons). It would seem therefore that the term podiatry is being adopted to reflect this move into respectable mainstream therapy, and banish the old down­beat image of chiropody as the removal of corns.