Hepatocellular adenoma

Hepatocellular adenomas are less common benign liver tumors. They occur most often in women of childbearing age. They used to be linked to oral contraceptives, when higher doses of estrogen were used.

Since these tumors generally do not cause symptoms, most are never detected. In rare cases, these tumors may rupture and bleed into the abdominal cavity. When doctors discover a large adenoma, they may recommend that it be surgically removed to prevent that possibility.

Hepatocellular adenomas may enlarge in women who take hormone pills, so doctors will often recommend discontinuing birth control pills or postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy to female patients who have this kind of tumor.

Hemangioma

Hemangiomas are the most common form of benign liver tumors. They are a mass of abnormal blood vessels. Up to 5 percent of adults in the United States may have small hemangiomas in their liver. Women are more likely than men to develop them.

Usually these benign tumors produce no symptoms and do not need to be treated. In very rare cases, an infant with a large hemangioma may need to have it removed surgically to prevent clotting and heart failure.

Focal nodular hyperplasia

Focal nodular hyperplasia is the second most common form of benign liver tumor after hemangiomas. These tumors occur mainly in women between the ages of 20 and 30. Like the other forms of benign liver tumors, they are generally discovered during imaging tests for other conditions. Sometimes referred to as FNH. these tumors usually do not cause symptoms or require treatment. If they are large, doctors may recommend that they be removed surgically to avoid the risk of rupture, but this is very uncommon.

III. Work with the text. Read and translate the text cancer

The problem of cancer is being discussed in innumerable papers from all parts of the world because cancer still continues to be the first among human diseases. Many investigators and physicians of all continents carry on extensive research work to find out the aetiology of cancer and its successful treatment.

The term 'cancer' was first used by Gallen (231—201a famous Roman physician who had described the disease of a mammary gland under this term.

Cancer, or Carcinoma, as it is often called, is a malignant tumour which arises from the epithelial cells. A tumour is a mass of new tissue which grows independently from its surrounding structures. A malignant tumour is marie up of connective tissue enclosing epithelial cells. Some tumours remain localized, others rapidly invade healthy tissue and metastasize leading to early death. The incidence of carcinomas comprises 90 % of all malignant tumours, the rest are sarcomas. The symptoms being vague or absent at an earlv stage, cancer is a very dangerous disease for life.

There are considerable variations of opinion regarding the development of cancer, but the final concept concerning all forms of cancer, except certain types, is still unknown. The development of certain types is connected with the so called carcinogenic (causing the cancer) substances and rays. It has been proved that cancer may develop due to contact with certain chemical substances, such as aromatic amines, chromic acids, arsenic acids, anilines and others. Cigarette smoking plays a major part in the aetiology of lung cancer. 96 % of patients with lung cancer were heavy cigarette smokers. Certain viruses are also considered to be carcinogenic. Recently it has been shown that some types of viruses may develop carcinoma. These findings have been confirmed in experiments on animals.

The distribution of different types of cancer vary geographically. The incidence of lung cancer is much higher among Europeans. In non-European countries we find quite different distribution. In South Africa, for example, 50 % of all types of cancer comprise carcinomas of the liver, while in Europe liver-cell carcinomas comprise only one per cent. The high frequency of liver cancers in certain tropical countries could be related to the incidence of viral diseases of the liver in the same countries. Many investigators suggest that viral hepatitis could represent a precancerous disease.

The age significantly affects the incidence of cancer. Susceptibility to cancer increases with age. The most important thing in the prognosis of patients with carcinoma is the grade of malignancy, and. therefore, the sooner the diagnosis is made, the better the prognosis. Each type of cancer is curable if it is timely recognized and proper treatment is administered.